tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-768574023425616672024-02-06T23:34:32.037-05:00說,還是不說?
李骏(John Lee)的譯文博客。歡迎轉載引用,敬請注明出處。Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger105125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-67492622710935435632014-11-18T14:20:00.000-05:002014-11-18T14:20:48.397-05:00丹增多吉:《有关那些反达赖喇嘛的抗议者,你应该知道的六件事》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #111111; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">6 Things You Should Know About the
Anti-Dalai Lama Protesters<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">作者:丹增多吉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tenzin Dorjee</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Dhondup)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在当今时代,很少有领导人像达赖喇嘛这样在世界各地赢得如此广泛而持久的欢迎与尊敬。他孜孜不倦地推进社会正义、普世责任、世俗伦理、跨宗教和谐以及非暴力原则,通过这些努力,他为减轻人类的苦难和增进全球总体幸福(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gross Global Happiness</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)做出了不朽的贡献。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">自然,很多民众必定会对一件事感到非常困惑——在尊者最近访问美国期间,一个神秘的抗议团体一直如影随形,从阿拉巴马(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Alabama</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)到普林斯顿(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Princeton</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)到波士顿(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Boston</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)到纽约(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">New
York</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些抗议者是何许人也?他们来自何方?他们对达赖喇嘛有何诉求?谁会从他们的抗议中获益?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">以下是你必须知道的,有关这些反达赖喇嘛的抗议者的六个基本事实:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">第一、他们是“格鲁派至上主义者”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Geluk
supremacists</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些抗议者属于一个边缘化的佛教极端主义团体,他们信奉一个名为“雄天”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Shugden</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的神灵,追求实现格鲁派至高无上的地位。图伯特佛教有五个主要派别,即格鲁派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Geluk</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)、萨迦派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sakya</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)、宁玛派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nyingma</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)、噶举派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kagyu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)和觉囊派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jhonang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。在格鲁派内部,有一个支派因信奉“雄天”而历来禁止其成员阅读其他派别的经典,也禁止师从非格鲁派的喇嘛。这种格鲁派至上的意识形态历来备受争议,同时也在过去的几百年里加剧了图伯特佛教各派别之间的紧张关系。而达赖喇嘛之所以劝阻人们信奉雄天,也正是出于试图根除这种偏见。遵循一贯的鼓励进步与改革的政策,达赖喇嘛本人尽管传统上属于格鲁派,但是他就曾经向不同派别的喇嘛学习,并且鼓励所有不同派别受到同等的尊重。达赖喇嘛这些旨在增进跨派别和睦相处的改革措施,使得他成为了这些“格鲁派至上主义者”的眼中钉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些抗议者指控达赖喇嘛是“现代世界最糟糕的独裁者”。这样的指控仅仅暴露了这些人生活在怎样一种扭曲的和受蒙蔽的世界里。而事实上,他们自己团体——即所谓的“新噶当吧”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">New Kadampa
Tradition</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)——就由这样一位人物所领导——除了自己的作品之外,他禁止其学生阅读任何其他作家的作品。“西方雄天协会”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Western
Shugden Society</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)是“新噶当吧”的前沿组织,最近针对达赖喇嘛的抗议活动就是由这个团体组织策划的。这个团体相当于佛教中的“韦斯特布鲁浸信会”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E8%B7%AF%E6%B5%B8%E4%BF%A1%E6%9C%83"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">Westboro Baptist Church</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)——这个团体不属于任何主流教会,而以其极端主张闻名于世。读者可以阅读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://buddhism-controversy-blog.com/2014/07/18/the-new-kadampa-tradition-and-the-dalai-lama/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些第一手记录</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">,从而了解“新噶当吧”是如何胁迫其信徒对达赖喇嘛进行攻击。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">第三、</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“达赖喇嘛是穆斯林!”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些抗议者曾经指控达赖喇嘛是“穆斯林”。首先,使用“穆斯林”一词来辱骂对方就带有种族主义和“伊斯兰恐惧症”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Islamophobia</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的意味,而这些理念在当今世界没有容身之地。但是如论如何,宣称世界上最著名的佛教徒私下里其实是一个穆斯林,这本身就是一件滑天下之大稽的事情,根本不值得对其进行任何认真的回应。他们还声称尊者是“假达赖喇嘛”。如果确实如此,那么谁是真的达赖喇嘛?莫非格西格桑嘉措(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Geshe Kelsang
Gyatso</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)是真正的达赖喇嘛?他是这个格鲁派极端团体的领袖,在他的修习中心只能读到他本人书籍和作品。或者他们是在等待北京去寻访认定一个真正的达赖喇嘛?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1997</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年,一位德高望重的图伯特学者连同他的两位学生,在印度达兰萨拉遭到暗杀,而他曾经批评“雄天”信仰偏离了真正的佛教教义。刺客逃离印度并径直逃往中国,那里是他们的避风港。印度警方将凶手直接与“雄天”团体挂钩,国际刑警也向中国发出了红色通报。对于北京而言,有关“雄天”的争议提供了一个诋毁达赖喇嘛和破坏图伯特事业的机会。因而它决定支持这个格鲁派极端组织,以此在图伯特民众之间制造纷争</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这个策略正好符合中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">分而治之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的政策。请阅读更多有关</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://buddhism-controversy-blog.com/2010/02/21/chinas-involvement-in-the-dorje-shugden-controversy/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">中国为</span></span>“<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">雄天</span></span>”<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">团体提供资金</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的故事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些抗议者当中占绝对多数的是美国或欧洲白人,他们把自己打扮成图伯特僧人和受害者的模样。而这些享有特权的西方国家公民所攻击的达赖喇嘛,则是一位有家难回的难民。他既无军队亦无警察用以压制他人的宗教信仰自由。因而这些攻击,不仅是荒谬的,而且是一件彻头彻尾的恶行。这些抗议者声称要捍卫“纯正的格鲁派传承”,但是他们欺世盗名的行为对这一传承造成的威胁远非达赖喇嘛的改革政策可以企及。这些人与归达赖喇嘛管控的任何组织或机构都没有丝毫关系,达赖喇嘛即便是想压制他们的信仰自由也根本无从下手。而唯一可以对他们进行掌控和实施强制的人——也因此是可以实际上剥夺他们信仰自由的人——是格西洛桑嘉措。这些人在不明就里的情况下就加入了他的神秘组织。请参阅以下这些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://buddhism-controversy-blog.com/tag/nkt-survivor/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">成功<span lang="EN-US">逃离<span lang="EN-US">“<span lang="EN-US">新噶当<span lang="EN-US">吧<span lang="EN-US">”<span lang="EN-US">组织的人提供的证词</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在“新噶当吧”和中国政府的言辞之间有着一种令人不安的呼应关系。他们两者都指控达赖喇嘛是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">CIA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的傀儡;两者都把达赖喇嘛称为纳粹;两者都认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1959</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年以前的图伯特是“封建农奴制”。这个团体希望你相信是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">CIA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">救了达赖喇嘛一命,还很可能甚至希望你相信中国人从达赖喇嘛手中“解放”了图伯特民众。但是</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“如果没有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">CIA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">,达赖喇嘛根本不可能逃命”的说法纯粹是一种虚构。这种说法不仅歪曲了历史,同时还篡改了图伯特抵抗战士冒着生命危险护送达赖喇嘛从拉萨流亡印度的历史真相。因此,“新噶当吧”和这些抗议者不再仅仅是一群“格鲁派至上主义者”,他们还是中国政府实现其“宏伟规划”的最得心应手的工具——用来混淆图伯特议题并最终使得图伯特争取自由的斗争失去合法地位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">有关这个派别更为详细的宗教历史,请参阅图伯特问题专家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.tibetsun.com/interviews/2014/05/18/the-dorje-shugden-conflict-an-interview-with-thierry-dodin"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">蒂埃里</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">•<span lang="EN-US">多丹<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span></span></span>Thierry Dodin<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-thurman/the-dalai-lama-cult-of-dolgyal-shugden_b_4903441.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">罗伯特<span lang="EN-US">•<span lang="EN-US">瑟曼<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span></span></span></span>Robert
Thurman<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">教授的有关文章。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tenzin-dorjee/6-things-to-know-about-th_b_6104716.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tenzin-dorjee/6-things-to-know-about-th_b_6104716.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-14345132112982288992014-08-05T23:37:00.000-04:002014-08-24T23:51:40.823-04:00嘉央诺布:《 绵羊辩证法》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0zPaaLZv4oLABkeF8eBSfuN_qC1dyLNDLaUPUUUMfMLI8pMq9qLtcZe-PYVsKcFfRecGo1CiSDCusiqud5eljgr_OrgPAoGY59_RJ_BdTVinN8itm1nt48C7Ngf1PEtd9zx2yNDp730E/s1600/%E7%BB%B5%E7%BE%8A%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0zPaaLZv4oLABkeF8eBSfuN_qC1dyLNDLaUPUUUMfMLI8pMq9qLtcZe-PYVsKcFfRecGo1CiSDCusiqud5eljgr_OrgPAoGY59_RJ_BdTVinN8itm1nt48C7Ngf1PEtd9zx2yNDp730E/s1600/%E7%BB%B5%E7%BE%8A%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95.jpg" height="187" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK16"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK15"></a><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央诺布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2014/06/26/the-dialectics-of-being-sheep/</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">埃里</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">瓦拉赫(<span lang="EN-US">Eli Wallach</span>)和克林</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">特伊斯特伍德(<span lang="EN-US">Clint Eastwood</span>)在电影《黄金三镖客》(<span lang="EN-US">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</span>,<span lang="EN-US">1966</span>)中</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">好莱坞性格演员埃里•瓦拉赫(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eli Wallach</span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)本周二(<i>2014年6月24日——译者注</i>)去世,享年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">98</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">岁。我还是个孩子的时候,在大吉岭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Darjeeling</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)看过很多他的经典西部片:《西部开拓史》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">How the West was Won</span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),《麦肯纳淘金记》(</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK13"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK5"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mackenna’s Gold</span></i></a><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),《黄金三镖客》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly </span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),还有我最喜欢的《豪勇七蛟龙》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Magnificent Seven</span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。他总是出演坏蛋,但总是那种滑稽、肮脏、邋遢和让人过目不忘的坏蛋。他还有不少经典桥段。在《黄金三镖客》中,他洗澡的时候遭到对手的暗算,这名对手长篇大论地讲为何要杀他。埃里•瓦拉赫在肥皂泡沫下面藏着一只手枪,一枪撂倒了对手。他临走的时候说,“要开枪就开,别废话。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我提到的最后一部电影《豪勇七蛟龙》是一部被低估的经典。它或许不是黑泽明(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kurosawa</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的《七武士》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Seven Samurai</span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)那样的不朽影片。不过这部改编自《七武士》的电影中,有一段非常耐人寻味的对话。埃里•瓦拉赫扮演的墨西哥匪首卡尔维拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Calvera</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),对保护那座墨西哥村庄的“七蛟龙”首领克里斯(尤•伯连纳扮演)解释为何要抢劫那些村民:<i><b>“如果上帝没打算让他们被人修剪,那么就不会让他们成为绵羊。”</b></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">所有博巴都听过那个中国人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年发动侵略时发生的故事,一位噶厦秘书通过电台得到了来自昌都图伯特军队指挥部的通知,据说他只是回复说,不能打扰噶厦,因为他们正在举办一年一度的聚会(或是野餐)。好吧,这样确实不好,不过后来我估计就再也没有人愿意来打扰这场愉快的聚会了。实际上还有另外一个更加丢人的事件导致了这个转变,这起事件清楚了揭示了当时图伯特领导层大多数人内心普遍存在的“绵羊心态”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">部署在金沙江前线的图伯特部队全都没有电台,因而尽管一直在担心,但是中国人发动第一波进攻的消息在五天之后才传到昌都军事指挥部。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karchung</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">将军派出的通讯兵在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日午夜前筋疲力尽地骑马赶到了昌都总督官邸。阿沛立即通知了在拉萨的噶厦。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日晚,拉萨电台在下午五点开始播音,并用英语、博语和汉语播报新闻,但是其中没有提到中国人的入侵。我们的电台主管罗伯特•福特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Robert Ford</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)和其他在昌都的官员都感到非常震惊和灰心丧气,而之前他们一直在焦急地等待着拉萨发出有关公告。第二天和第三天,拉萨电台依然是一片死寂。对于拉萨方面的沉默,福特感到非常费解,后来他在《图伯特被俘记》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Captured in Tibet </span></i><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1957</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)一书中写道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14.0pt;">如果拉萨政府曾打算进行一些象征性的抵抗然后设法求和,那么它的行为还更加容易理解一些。但是,当时并没有采取任何类似的行动。<i>抵抗是实实在在的……从来没有任何有关投降的问题。</i>我只能认为这是一个习惯问题。拉萨政府非常习惯于执行这样一种政策——不说任何可能冒犯或是触怒中国人的话——以至于事态已经和触怒毫无关系的时候,依然在秉持这一政策。它还在试图避免一场已经爆发的战争。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">如果你认为绵羊式的行为乏善可陈,那么我们当前领导人又是何种心态呢?假装过去的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">65</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年没有发生过任何可怕的事情,汉人是“我们的兄弟姐妹”,我们所需要做的所有的事情就是不要提起图伯特独立或民主话题,禁止所有流亡团体和组织抗议北京,然后中国就一定会前来邀请我们去北京参加另外一轮会谈(该是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26</span><span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">轮了吧?),或者批准尊者前往五台山朝圣,为了这个目的很多流亡官员和中国知识分子朋友们已经鞠躬尽瘁、殚精竭虑。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/lu_xun_zhou_shuren__founder_of_modern_chinese_literaturef8ef1d8f4a0552d9bb08-300x224.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/lu_xun_zhou_shuren__founder_of_modern_chinese_literaturef8ef1d8f4a0552d9bb08-300x224.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: SimSun; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这是比绵羊行为更加糟糕的死绵羊行为。中国最伟大的现代作家鲁迅曾经撰写一篇又一篇的文章,对中国民众的绵羊般的特性扼腕叹息,并且在一篇杂文中指出——或许有一种办法能让即便如此顽固的特性得到根本性的转变:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">君子若曰:“羊总是羊,不成了一长串顺从地走,还有什么别的法子呢?君不见夫猪乎?拖延着、逃着、喊着、奔突着,终于也还是被捉到非去不可的地方去,那些暴动,不过是空费力气而已矣。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14.0pt;">这是说:虽死也应该如羊,使天下太平,彼此省力。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">这计划当然是很妥帖,大可佩服的。然而,君不见夫野猪乎?它以两个牙,使老猎人也不免退避。这牙,只要猪脱出了牧豕奴所造的猪圈,走入山野,不久就会长出来。(《一点比喻》,收于《华盖集续编》——译者注)<span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: KaiTi; font-size: 14pt;">“世上如果真还有要活下去的人们,就先该敢说,敢笑,敢哭,敢怒,敢骂,敢打,在这可诅咒的地方击退了可诅咒的时代。”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK7"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK6">(《忽然想到<span lang="EN-US">5</span>、<span lang="EN-US">6</span>》,《华盖集》——译者注)</a></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-29944165246431377822014-07-23T18:15:00.003-04:002014-07-23T20:09:48.152-04:00嘉央诺布:《孤掌难鸣: 天安门记忆与流亡当局对中国的“工作拓展”》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这个月(6月)初在美国对天安门屠杀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">25</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">周年的纪念活动出奇地不声不响,尤其在美国学习的中国学生群体中更是如此。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">89</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年事件发生后的几年,情况可是大不相同。我当时正和我的朋友拉藏次仁啦在美国进行巡回演说,我们见到了很多中国学生,并和他们进行了交谈。那时在美国大约有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">40000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">名中国学生。北京进行军事镇压之后,美国国会通过立法,授予这些学生政治庇护和永久居留权。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">其实他们中的大多数人与天安门前的抗议活动很少有或是根本没有任何关系,但当时作为中国民主活动人士在欧美国家形象颇为高大。我们所遇到的学生都以近乎传教士式的热情,表达了他们对民主的拥护(或是他们对民主的理解),而且是带着毋庸置疑的真诚。尽管在我的记忆中,在图伯特问题上,他们的观点时常是相当恼人,甚至是令人憎恶。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在位于伊萨卡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ithaca</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的康奈尔大学(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cornell
University</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)举行的一次会谈中,仁青达洛啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rinchen Dharlo la</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在我和拉藏啦之前发表讲话,他当时刚刚被任命为达赖喇嘛驻纽约的代表。听众席上的中国学生用非常居高临下的态度对他说话,并且指责他提起图伯特议题。他们声称中国民主才是最为优先的问题。一旦他们推翻了共产党,把中国变成一个民主国家,然后才能讨论图伯特自由问题。我指出,有同样的可能性出现相反的情况,新政权有可能对图伯特进行更加严厉的镇压和更加残酷无情。有个人高声打断我的话,“我们中国人民决不允许出现这样的事情。”我笑着回敬道:“中国人民何曾对自己的政治有过丝毫的发言权?”拉藏啦也用毫不掩饰的语言反唇相讥。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在随后几个月我们遇到一些天安门广场上实际活动人士,诸如柴玲、</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E5%BD%A4_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">沈彤</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">、吾尔开西等人,他们中的绝大多数人在图伯特问题上的态度都自相矛盾。但是流亡政府认为这是一个针对中国和中国异见人士“开展工作”的好时机。为此花费了大量的精力和金钱,甚至动用了达赖喇嘛的私人基金来“培养”这些人,而最终基本上是“竹篮打水一场空”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ICT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的工作人员投入了大量时间关照这些中国异见人士,并将他们介绍给国会议员和政府官员。但是在这些异见人士当中,至今也没有任何一个人站出来公开表达他或者她对图伯特事业的支持。他们发表的少数几份措辞谨小慎微的有关图伯特人权的声明,也属于不得已而为之。其实他们即便不这么做,也没人会真的当回事。那么这些所谓的异见人士和民主活动人士现在都身居何处呢?根据伊恩•布鲁马(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Buruma"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ian Buruma</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2003</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年所著的《坏分子:从洛杉矶到北京的中国反叛者》一书,这些人或是变成了野心勃勃的商人,或是华而不实的媒体顾问,甚至是纠缠于经常是你死我活的“窝里斗”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这并非是说在图伯特问题上没有真正的汉人朋友。最早和最坚定的中国民主运动人士之一魏京生,就经常公开表示支持图伯特事业。记者曹长青曾写过两本小册子,讨论有关图伯特争取独立的权力,以及为了图伯特人民的生存而争取独立的必要性。资深劳改问题研究学者和人权活动家吴宏达先生,今年三月在达兰萨拉公开发表讲话,坚决地支持图伯特独立。但是</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">由于某种新闻审查行为,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的网站没有报道他的讲话,演讲的视频也没有公开。我个人结识了很多中国活动人士,尤其在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年。最近以来,一个笔名为更桑东智的汉人异见人士,一直在孜孜不倦地独立翻译我的每一篇文章(据知,翻译得相当出色)并在汉语网络世界进行传播。而我并没有付给他一分钱,也没有把他介绍给南希•佩洛西(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nancy Pelosi</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。请浏览</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">他的网站</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">但是最近以来,流亡当局并不待见那些号召图伯特独立和推翻共产党统治的汉人朋友。他们想要的汉人朋友是那些愿意公开支持达赖喇嘛制定的对中政策的人,即支持“中间道路”的人。尊者自己对</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“中间道路”的成功一直抱有很大的信心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年,在接受《印度斯坦时报》采访时,尊者宣称“最终我将赢得全中国人民的支持。”为了让这一愿景变为现实,若干年以来,流亡当局制定并实施了一项“工作拓展计划”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月,尊者在他的推特上向中国民众发布消息,并接受他们的提问。但其实在这段“推特”插曲之前,尊者就曾经利用采访和与国际媒体举行新闻发布会的机会,向那些现在通常所称的“汉人兄弟姐妹们”伸出橄榄枝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/interview-dalai-lama-tibet-83609"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《新闻周刊》的一次采访</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中,尊者试图将</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年的以前的汉藏关系,重新定义为一种“热烈而亲密”的关系,而不是以前通常所以为的“痛苦而敌对”:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">如你所知,直到</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年,博巴对汉人的态度都是亲密的,非常亲近,这是很正常的。在拉萨,人们提到汉人商人的时候都带着发自内心的尊重。当然在图伯特,人们听到共产党的名字都会害怕,因为人们了解在蒙古以及苏联的部分佛教社区所发生的事情。而后来中国共产党站稳了脚跟,越来越多的军队进来,他们的态度变得越来越粗暴蛮横。但是即使是在那个时候,我们也只是抱怨这些“坏共党”,但是我们从来没说“坏汉人”。从来没有。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者的努力不仅仅是对媒体发表讲话,他还尽一切努力在各种行程中,亲自接见汉人群众,甚至包括前往达兰萨拉的汉人旅行者和观光客。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK2"></a>这些人当中包括了尊者在公开讲话中经常提到的一些支持他的“中间道路”的中国知识分子。比如,李江琳、丁一夫和陈破空。他们都声称“在很多不同场合见过达赖喇嘛”。这些人给人留下的表面印象是同情图伯特的,而实际上他们也在写作有关图伯特的东西并号称是图伯特问题专家,但是在更为核心的政治问题上总是无一例外地模棱两可。他们似乎都不在北京的黑名单上,甚至都没有过“进局子”的记录。一个在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的消息来源告诉我,最近以来,尊者接见的中国访客要多于任何其他外部团体。这一点让很多博巴感到困惑,尤其一些退休的官员,其中有一位曾经跟我谈过此事。我们有足够的理由设想,这些形形色色很轻易被引见到尊者面前(这是一项连很多博巴都无法享有的特权)的中国访客中,肯定有一些是来自中国情报部门的密探。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我确信读者们在各种媒体报道上读到过有关中国庞大的间谍计划,对美国的高科技公司、大学、研究机构,或许甚至包括军队和政府机关进行渗透,从而获取机密和影响美国政策。为了实现这一目的,中国情报机构一直在利用访问学者、大学生、游客和其他貌似无关紧要的访客。达赖喇嘛接见的那些人也大致如此。在达兰萨拉有很多已经充分证实的安保漏洞。有一次,人们发现了这样一个安保漏洞并问责有关官员。当时的首席噶伦桑东仁波切教授淡定地声称,这不是什么大不了的事情,因为博巴们没有什么需要隐瞒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中国人的海外谍报行动主要受中国国家安全部(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MSS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的指导。但是在有关图伯特的问题上,我们不应该忽视中共统战部,这个机构负责处理与达赖喇嘛的谈判。达兰萨拉还乐颠颠地对这个机构的职能懵懂无所知,而根据</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/7951347-nest-of-spies---the-startling-truth-about-foreign-agents-at-work-within"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">年加拿大出版的一份材料</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">显示,这个机构的职能包括在旅居海外的华人(和同情中国的外国人)中招募密探、控制中国留学生、对外宣传以及长期潜伏行动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">当遇到类似的问题时,达兰萨拉的绝大多数博巴都令人忧心显得地不谙世事和天真幼稚。达拉萨拉对间谍的妄想症总是针对那些来自图伯特的“新人”。总体而言,这些“新人”当中的间谍数量寥寥无几,不过在去年的一起案件中,印度警方抓获了一个名叫边巴次仁的人,他被指控为间谍,计划实施“恐怖主义投毒阴谋”。结果证明他只不过是中国公安部门的一个小角色,而他的所谓“恐怖主义阴谋”也一事无成,因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">安全部在初步报告之后并无其他跟进报道。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">但是,很多貌似腰缠万贯的中国游客和朝圣者,当然还有那些达赖喇嘛对其敞开大门并花费了大量时间的“知识分子”们——这些人似乎完全免于安全检查。事实上,有人告诉我,很多流亡宗教组织把这些人看做是有利可图的施主或供养人(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">jindaks</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者似乎确信通过开展这种与中国访客的面对面交谈,他正在以某种方式影响中国对他自己的看法,并且无疑正在赢得中国的信任和同情。不幸的是,这些人当中至今也没有几个人公开站出来表示他们对“中间道路”计划的支持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">有些人说,诺贝尔奖得主刘晓波曾经发表过一些支持“中间道路”政策的言论。但是通观他的讲话,人们也只能看到一些认可图伯特“自治”和支持北京与达赖喇嘛展开对话的表述。没有任何地方提到支持“中间道路”政策。唯一真正支持“中间道路”政策的中国知识分子是王力雄。但是,在一篇有关今年一月被捕的维吾尔族教授伊力哈木•吐赫提(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ilham Tohti</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的文章中,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://woeser.middle-way.net/2014/03/blog-post_12.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">王力雄写道</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“他(伊力哈木•吐赫提)选择的道路是达赖喇嘛中间道路的维吾尔版,但是其他维吾尔运动人士却普遍拒绝。他们认为事实已经证明,达赖喇嘛除了让西藏人民浪费了三十年时间,什么结果都没得到。伊力哈木的被捕和他被扣上的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">分裂国家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">罪名则再次证明了中间道路只是一厢情愿。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">此类“工作拓展”的努力并非仅限于尊者接见中国访客,甚至在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">内部已经体制化,能说汉语的“干部”们被分配到纽约、瑞士和其他地方的“工作拓展”岗位上。同形形色色他们能够接触到的汉人,举行座谈、派对和社交集会。这些项目得到了尊者的鼎力支持,并且可以享有其他部门无法获得的资助。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">迄今为止,尤为重要的一项“拓展”活动是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2009</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日,在日内瓦举行的名为“寻找共同点”的一次</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.tibet-china-conference.org/content/press.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中藏会议</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。据会议组织者介绍,与会者包括“超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">100</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">名中、藏学者、教育工作者、作家和人权倡导人士。”参加会议的二十余名中方人员的开销全部由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">承担,其中包括严家其,他当时居住在美国,曾经是被赶下台的前中国总理赵紫阳的高级幕僚。赵在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2005</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年去世。尊者也在会议上发表了讲话。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">尊者在日内瓦会议上发表讲话</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在这次会议的“最终文件”上并没有对“中间道路”政策的认可。取而代之的是一个对其表示“尊重”的妥协性表述。会议通过的有关解决“西藏问题”的其他五项核心决议包括这样一些善意而无关痛痒的建议和言论,诸如“尊重西藏人民的基本人权”、“西藏问题的解决与中国民主化密切相关”。决议还号召中国民众认真反思“汉族沙文主义”(这是毛泽东</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">1956</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年描述汉人优越感的时候创造的术语),并且要求“中国政府必须遵守法治原则。”决议的最后也是最软弱无力的一条指出,达赖喇嘛返回他的祖国的权利“必须得到尊重”。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">最后一条决议引发了有关达赖喇嘛访问五台山的一些讨论,以此作为尊者“返回祖国”的第一步。“他去五台山朝圣的愿望是他的权利。”但是,有一位与会者指出,“当局担心达赖喇嘛的任何一次访问都会让那些强大的潜在势力脱离掌控”,因此,即便是“纯粹去五台山朝圣”也不会得到许可。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我想,这次会议一定是在这样一种潜在的共同认知中结束的:现实难遂人意,中国拒绝同达赖喇嘛展开谈判,更不用说流亡当局。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">流亡当局,包括司政洛桑森格本人,已经把达赖喇嘛的“拓展对中国的工作”作为本届政府的一项战略政策。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年发表于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=23208"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">故乡网(</span></span>Phayul<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">)的一篇文章</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中,司政详细阐述了为何这样一个战略对于解决图伯特问题是至关重要的。他举圣雄甘地作为例证,司政说甘地同“英国社会各阶层的民众”培养友谊,从而获得他们对他的事业的支持。显然,司政先生在此处犯了两个错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">首先,甘地从英国、非洲和印度的白人民众那里赢得的几乎所有友谊,都是基于各种共同利益、活动或信念的私人关系,而不是以赢得政治支持为前提的“培养”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">其次,那些支持甘地的英国人或其他人,尤其是司政提到的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Madeleine Slade</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rev. C.F. Andrews</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,他们都坚定地支持印度从英国赢得独立的自由斗争。甘地无需在争取独立的目标上同他们进行妥协,无需像我们这样一步一步地稀释我们最初的目标:从独立到“中间道路”,然后到司政的“部分中间道路”(放弃民主制度,甚至接受共产党的统治),最后只剩下对“中间道路”“表示尊重”,就如同日内瓦会议决议的表述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">还有另外一些印度独立事业的英国支持者,比如著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Horace Alexander</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wilfred Wellocks</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,他们成立了印度自由委员会(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Council for Indian Freedom</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),把桂格党人、和平主义者和独立劳工党人团结在一起声援印度独立事业。我发现甘地的英国支持者当中最引人注目的当属兰开夏郡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lancashire</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)格林菲尔德纺织厂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Greenfield
Mill</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的纺织工人,他们因为甘地抵制英国货的斯瓦代希运动(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Swadeshi</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)而丢掉了工作。在下面这张甘地于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1931</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年访问这家纺织厂的著名照片中,甘地不仅没有碰到预想中的麻烦,反而受到了那些失业工人热情洋溢的欢迎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GandhiLancashire.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GandhiLancashire.jpg" height="293" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">如果我们真的需要“拓展工作”,也不应该是针对那些自私自利、自吹自擂的中国“知识分子”,而是应该面向真正的中国民众,那些在中共的统治下挣扎的民众,那些渴求民主和自由的民众。达赖喇嘛应该成为那些我们在中国的真正“兄弟姐妹们”的代言人——那些被剥夺和被压迫的人:那些“癌症村”里数以万计的挣扎在死亡线上的人;那些在劳改营里遭受奴役的人;那些因旨在造富中共达官贵人的开发项目而被迫背井离乡的人。他还应该为中国的天主教徒、新教徒、穆斯林、佛教徒和法轮功练习者仗义执言:这些人被剥夺了信仰的权利,正在遭受中共政府残酷无情的迫害。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-28854388252610823502014-04-30T06:23:00.000-04:002014-05-01T14:30:40.250-04:00嘉央诺布:《高傲的叛国者:平措汪杰以及流亡社会对他的称颂》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tJ4jQFeivZibdRDci-FGfHAiPHdgJlKd9s7yRMmN4YYzn3LJo8Ior7xqTGzYfU-r6efrUkMPMD0vZlxb31EX7VplLVGcGQqQCjfNAGVlPlroFVrjoIvVF735LheBjDl1tkZyEGUJVlg/s1600/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B1%AA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1tJ4jQFeivZibdRDci-FGfHAiPHdgJlKd9s7yRMmN4YYzn3LJo8Ior7xqTGzYfU-r6efrUkMPMD0vZlxb31EX7VplLVGcGQqQCjfNAGVlPlroFVrjoIvVF735LheBjDl1tkZyEGUJVlg/s1600/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B1%AA.jpg" height="188" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h2 style="margin-top: 9pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE ARROGANCE OF TREASON</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">PHUNTSOK WANGYAL & HIS ADMIRATION
SOCIETY-IN-EXILE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2014/04/03/phuntsok-wangyal-and-the-arrogance-of-treason/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">佛陀和耶穌都曾經說過,如果有人打你的左臉,就將右臉也伸給他。但是,迄今為止也沒有人曾經說過,如果有人強暴你,你容忍強暴者并且對他倾注愛意和贊許也是一件正當的事情(请原谅我以此为例)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="OLE_LINK4"></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">那么為何這些天來流亡政府(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)和其他流亡團體都對巴塘人平措汪杰的去世給予了如此多的哀悼?且不管他是一位多么“迷人”的人、多么“優秀的共產黨員”或是“達賴喇嘛的朋友”,博巴們必須記得汪杰是中國軍隊入侵圖伯特的時候走在前列的大人物。他不是字面意義上所說的中立的或被動的“向導”,而是親身介入了入侵圖伯特的籌劃和組織,在他的自傳中對此都自證其實。事實上,他承擔了組織騾子和牦牛為中國人民解放軍通過康區運輸物資的關鍵任務。如果沒有這些運輸,連入侵行動都難以進行,因為當時汽車公路尚未建造。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">我無意為這個妄自尊大、自欺欺人和頭腦簡單的可憐蟲訴諸任何筆墨。對于我們的文明所遭受的摧殘和我們的人民所遭受的超過百萬的生靈涂炭,他都难辞其咎。這實在是令人沮喪。不過不管怎樣,還是有資深印度記者和圖伯特的友人維賈依·卡倫蒂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Vijay Kranti</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)在“故鄉網”發表了一篇出色的文章《另类悼词》“</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?c=4&t=1&id=34755&article=AN+ALTERNATE+TRIBUTE+TO+BAPA+PHUNTSOG+WANGYAL+-+A+SLAVE+MINDSET"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">alternate tribute</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">”,反駁了達蘭薩拉在這個問題上的“奴性思維”。這絕對是一篇值得一讀的文章。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我在此給諸位提供一段我</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.tibetwrites.org/?Newspeak-New-Tibet-Part-IV"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">八年前的一篇文章</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的摘錄,這篇文章由四個部分組成,內容有關圖伯特語言的現代化問題。我想這段文章(在某種程度上)可以為平措汪杰的叛國行為提供一個政治心理分析,當然同時還針對他的那些當今崇拜者們为他进行的可笑的“偽理智”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> pseudo-intellectual</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)和“偽革命”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> pseudo-revolutionary</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的辯解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“最近出版的,由梅因戈爾斯坦主筆的平措汪杰傳記《圖伯特革命家:巴塘人平措汪杰的时代和他的政治生涯》,基本上堪稱是一部為左派分子歌功頌德的‘圣徒傳’,盡管行文風格比較低調。其中并沒有對平措汪杰的性格和他背叛祖國和同胞的動機進行認真剖析。事實上,貫穿全書的是一種親密的感覺,因為戈爾斯坦一直稱平措汪杰為‘平汪’,而這是在家人和朋友之間使用的愛稱。呈現在讀者面前的是一位偉大的革命家、民族主義者、詩人、科學家以及達賴喇嘛的朋友(達賴喇嘛稱他為“忠心耿耿的馬克思主義者”),甚至是一位殉道者——主要是由于試圖拯救圖伯特人民,而被偽馬克思主義者陰謀構陷遭受了長達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">18</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年的牢獄之災。此書并非一部非常高明的著作。《紐約書評》登載了一篇不乏溢美之词的評論文章,在文章的結尾,作者喬納森·米爾斯基(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jonathan Mirsky</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,中文名梅兆贊)指出:戈爾斯坦和他的合著者,……‘沒能看出平汪以忠誠的列寧主義方式支持中國在西藏的權威本身所蘊含的諷刺意味,其實當時馬克思主义和列寧主義在中國已經日漸過時……’而‘……無論是平汪還是傳記作者們,都不愿意直截了當地指出中國是在以暴力為后盾的沙文主義統治西藏。’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“檢視平措汪杰的生平和思維模式,有助于理解在‘進步’和‘改革’的名義之下,有些人是如何地任由自己不仅仅是对一种语言而是对整个文化和社会造成极大伤害。汪杰是典型的这样一种干部,他研究并信奉共产主义的意识形态,即便是对自己知之甚少的问题也敢于信心满满地发表意见(和采取行动)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“有关于他的个性,一个怪异而富有启发性的例证是平措汪杰的煌煌巨著《天体新探:月球存在液态水》(外语出版社,北京,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2002</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。在美国可以从‘国际声援西藏运动’网站免费获取)。汪杰从监狱获释后写作了这本书,体量相当巨大,用小号字印刷还长达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">500</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">多页。他宣称此书是有关宇宙的科学论述,虽然参考了哥白尼、美国宇航局以及当代一些西方科学家的理论,但是最终导致‘证明’月球蕴藏液态水的思想‘有力武器’是黑格尔、马克思和恩格斯——更准确的说是他们的‘辩证法’。书名中对于‘液态’的强调有着有趣的象征意义。去证明月球存在‘固态’水或许更加容易一些,但是这样的保守和妥协是没有必要的。这种辩证法拥有足够的力量证明你想证明的一切。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“在谈话和采访中,平措旺杰一直坚持认为马克思主义辩证法是‘一切科学之母’和‘所有科学的终极科学’。无论现在在我们看来是多么的匪夷所思,他的这种想法的确是出自马克思科学专制主义的伟大传统。来自阿塞拜疆的半文盲农民、斯大林的首席农业专家李森科(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trofim Denisovich Lysenko</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)也曾运用过这一传统。他是‘斯大林自然改造大计划’(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> The Great Stalin Plan for the Transformation
of Nature</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的始作俑者,这个计划实际上导致了苏联的‘大饥荒’。在中国,毛泽东的‘红色专家’和‘赤脚科学家’,在中国自己头号‘李森科式’的专家</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/585820.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">乐天宇</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的率领下,要求农民深耕(有时深达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">英尺),并且进行‘龙鳞式’密集种植,还有其他一些疯狂行为。其结果是中国遭遇了历史上最严重的‘大饥荒’,死亡人数高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">万至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">万。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“平措汪杰对宇宙的论述中充满了各种奇怪的和难以辨识的图表和表格,好像中世纪炼金术指南里面的插图,这些材料似乎更能揭示作者真实的心理状态而不是和他的理论有关的科学信息。人们或许会觉得有必要对平措汪杰先生进行某种心理分析。甚至在经历官方的迫害、妻子自杀和自己深陷牢狱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">18</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年之后,平措汪杰对马克思、毛泽东和周恩来依然一片忠心。他这样表明自己的信念:‘无论发生什么,我一直坚定不移地相信,总有一天最高领导人会了解我案子的细节。我认识毛泽东和周恩来,在有关我过去所作所为问题上,我相信是汪峰和其他一些人对他们撒了谎。我一直抱有一线希望,期望有一天毛泽东和周恩来会明白我是无辜的并下令释放我。’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我必须承认,通过回想早年阅读过的一部政治小说中的类似描述,我也只能是在一定程度上理解汪杰对毛泽东和毛泽东思想非同寻常的忠心耿耿。《正午的黑暗》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Darkness at Noon</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)是亚瑟·库斯勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Arthur Koestler</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的代表作,几乎直接取材于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1930</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年代斯大林的那些审判秀,描述了对老布尔什维克卢巴雪夫(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">V.S. Rubashov</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的监禁、审判和处决。尽管一个是小说,一个是真实生活,但是这两份回忆的令人震惊之处在于:卢巴雪夫和平措汪杰对党和领袖的忠诚是何等地坚定不移,尽管事实上他们的领袖、党和信念早已残忍地背叛了这两位老党员。在卢巴雪夫的案件中,他到最后甚至承认了那些无中生有的罪行。汪杰没有认罪,而是采取了一个更加便捷的自欺欺人的行为——将自己的遭遇归咎于那些小官员,而不是已经被偶像化的“伟大的舵手”本人。达赖喇嘛在《流亡中的自在》一书中,曾以赞许的口吻提到此事。乔治·奥威尔在评论库斯勒的小说时写道,他相信卢巴雪夫和其他类似的人“已经被他们所效忠的革命所腐蚀”,“对党的习惯性忠诚”已经摧毁了他们的道德和精神。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“回到语言‘改革’问题上,或许应该注意,从保守的拉萨中心观点上看,平措汪杰、降边嘉措、喜饶嘉措和其他一些人都是主要是周边地区的知识分子。他们都有强烈的(在社会、经济和语言方面)反对拉萨统治精英的倾向。尽管那些图伯特共产党人提出了‘改革与进步’等崇高口号,但他们的议程中很明显有相当大的报复成分。然而,唯一说不通的事情是,由于巴塘,尤其是安多地区,长年处于中国的行政管辖之下,我们的革命家们和他们的亲戚朋友,无论在早先遭受了什么样的不公与苦难,都无疑是由中国政府所造成,肯定不是来自于拉萨政府。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“有人或许从汪杰故作学术的姿态中,能隐约看到毛泽东的影子——这位乡村学者一生怨恨北京和上海的那些杰出作家和知识分子。或许这只是一闪而过的印象,但是毛泽东主义者,尤其是毛泽东主义的领袖们主要是一些乡土学者、二流诗人和落第文人,他们热衷于装腔作势到了让人难受的地步——从柬埔寨的波尔布特到秘鲁的古斯曼,到尼泊尔的普拉昌达同志。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-78393850806134909322014-04-16T00:42:00.000-04:002014-04-16T03:14:10.006-04:00嘉央诺布:《擄尸者: 圖伯特社會由來已久的恐懼與迷信(第一部分)》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb55SumHpBJtQMKHve3LVKfUpA1F5Cec3R8fPQYqvr1PJtrywJ0IbA1j3wOIHZg8qemnPpLLEqkuDYZWWv2_ZXzpKWuXlctl2Hqyr0VF7Ks3TJnt-QGojF0tN2lfoQmqZZnd-gJv_l5dE/s1600/%E6%8E%B3%E5%B0%B8%E8%80%85.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb55SumHpBJtQMKHve3LVKfUpA1F5Cec3R8fPQYqvr1PJtrywJ0IbA1j3wOIHZg8qemnPpLLEqkuDYZWWv2_ZXzpKWuXlctl2Hqyr0VF7Ks3TJnt-QGojF0tN2lfoQmqZZnd-gJv_l5dE/s1600/%E6%8E%B3%E5%B0%B8%E8%80%85.jpg" height="188" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1976</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年季風季節的一個陰沉沉的早晨,小城摩洛甘濟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">McLeod Ganj</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),或者說至少是其中的博巴聚居部分,經歷了一場怪誕的动荡。這件事讓所有人都跑到了那個狹窄的巴士停車場,這個地方通常也兼做市鎮廣場,每到圖伯特新年的時候,多巴(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Toepa</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,西部博巴)男男女女</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">會來這里表演類似于納瓦霍人(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Navaho</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的圓圈舞蹈,隨著低沉的鼓点踢踏起舞。不過那個早晨聚集在巴士停車場的人群可不是為了搞什么慶祝活動,女人們就像那些專事吊喪的漢人一樣聲嘶力竭地嚎啕大哭,男人們像瘋子一樣東奔西走大喊大叫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">出現這些騷動的原因并非是什么客觀因素,比如地震(這個地區時常發生),也不是其他的社會或政治原因,比如幾年前發生</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">過</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的社區騷亂。心理學家或許會說,這種現象是源自博巴心靈中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">陰暗和無法觸及的部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(借用了佛洛伊德理論中有關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">本我</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的定義)。我唯一能馬上想到的與此類似的事件,是中世紀的歐洲在黑死病發生之后,在很多城鎮鄉村出現的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">舞蹈狂熱癥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
dancing mania</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在博巴們當中,有關前往</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">印度大平原</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">旅行,過去曾有一種最為廣泛和歷久不衰的恐懼癥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">有人會誘拐他們并</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">從他們身上榨取</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">人油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">。有一位來自哲蚌寺的格西(佛學博士)曾經向我解釋了提取過程,當時我們倆剛從噶倫堡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalimpong</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">)到達西里古里(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Siliguri</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">)。格西啦是一位五十來歲身體壯實的人,從傳統意義上講非常博學,而且思想相當開明。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我們坐上了一輛人力車,車夫是一位瘦骨嶙峋兩腮深陷的人,他蹬車送我們去賈爾派古里(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jalpaiguri</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)火車站。格西啦顯得局促不安,他轉過頭問我是否聽說過在這個地方有人榨取人油。我堅持認為,那些古老的故事都是荒誕而沒有任何證據的。但是,他依然疑慮重重,而且似乎認為我的態度不但漫不經心而且危險幼稚。格西啦耐心地給我詳盡解釋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">聽起來似乎是,在所有誘拐人口榨取人油的案件中,受害人一開始都是被某種放進飲料或香煙中的藥物搞得身不由己。他或者她然后會被帶到某一個荒僻的庫房或窩棚里,在然后被扒得精光吊在房梁上,下面點著一堆小火。慢慢地,尸體就會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">就像烤豬一樣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">開</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">始滴油</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,然后下面</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">會</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">有一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">個盤</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">子</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">接住</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">這</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">些</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">油脂,然后</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">裝</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">瓶</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">后來從我的一個叔叔那里了解到,這種“人油恐慌”在“二戰”期間在博巴中間相當盛行。當時,有數量空前的圖伯特商販馬幫前往印度采購各種消費品銷往中國西南地區——順便說一下,這些買賣利潤巨大——當時,被圍困的國民黨政府正在奮力抵抗日本人。博巴們似乎相信,人油是盟國一種神奇療傷藥物中的關鍵成分。這個故事中一個有意思的地方是說,當時出于有利于戰爭考慮,官方對這類誘拐行為采取了睜一只眼閉一只眼的態度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">甚至作為難民安頓在印度之后,博巴們也從來沒有完全丟掉他們對人油榨取者的恐懼,一個人或許會時不時地在和老一輩聊天</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">時</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">聽到有關的故事。在甘地夫人實施“緊急狀態”期間,這個故事在達蘭薩拉更是令人吃驚地死灰復燃。這種復蘇不知道是否由于當時不良的政治氣候和各種謠言,但是后來發生在達蘭薩拉的事情似乎在某種程度上超出了那個國家當時的緊張氣氛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在摩洛甘濟</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">從總體上講</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,有關人油問題的各種流言蜚語主要來自三個不同渠道。來自于(桑珠的)“瘋馬面館”的觀點傾向于認為印度新航母是由人油驅動的。而在“可可淖爾餐廳”流行的有關核的觀點是,大家眾口一詞地認同一個理論——人油是印度最近,同時也是第一次核試驗成功的關鍵因素。在“最后機遇茶館”(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span lang="EN-US">Last Chance Tea Shop</span></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的談話是最沒有想象力的,談論范圍從來沒有超越猶猶豫豫地猜測人油是印度飛機(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">namdru</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的燃料。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">那段時間,甘地夫人正在推行多少有點嚴苛的計劃生育政策,坊間盛傳,一些過分熱心的政府官員為了完成人口控制指標而在整個印度人社區進行強制絕育。在圖伯特流亡社區,這些傳言和古老的人油故事混合在一起,使得人們越來越偏執地認為誘拐人口提取人油的行為是政府唆使的。有關綁架的謠言不僅開始四處擴散,而且編造出來很多細節,繪聲繪影如同確有其事。其中一個謠言是,綁架者總是開著插有一面紅旗的吉普車,这当然是换一种方式在说,车里的人不是警察便是当地官员。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">后来有一天,就在摩洛甘济镇子外面发生了一场小骚乱,某种程度上成为了我在本文开始时提到的那场“怪诞动荡”的前奏。一位僧人从镇子步行去图伯特儿童村,他在路上碰到了一群印度人。每年的那个时候,达兰萨拉到处都是前来朝拜周边印度教圣地的朝圣者。这些朝圣者通常会缠着红色的发带,或是举着红旗,作为他们信仰的标识。这群与众不同的印度人在从摩洛甘济到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TCV</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的路上,(用印度朝圣者喧闹而热烈的方式)向着山下公路上的一些朋友又是喊叫又是呼哨。那位身材有些肥胖的僧人,想到了最坏的可能性一路逃回摩洛甘济,并且上气不接下气地讲述了他见到红旗和险些被绑架的经历。他的讲述立刻传遍了整个城镇,到处都人心惶惶。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">两天以后,天气有些多云,我正在巴士停车场的一个气枪摊子附近闲逛,这个摊位刚好位于两条公路的交口,一条通往图伯特儿童村,另一条通往附近福赛斯集市(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Forsyth
Bazaar</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)所在的村庄,然后延伸到下达兰萨拉。我正和摊主聊天的时候,几位住在福赛斯集市的博巴从旁边经过。有一位摩洛甘济的博巴向他们打招呼。他们之间接下来的对话差不多是这样的:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">摩:嗨,你们都去哪儿?</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">福</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:我们回福赛斯集市。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">摩(郑重其事地):你们最好小心点。最近可有人被拐走。要是碰到挂红布的吉普车开过来,你们可就一点办法都没有了。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">福</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:我们也听说了一些。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">福</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(忧心忡忡地):我们最好赶紧回去,孩子们还在家里。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">摩:赶紧吧。有一个人说今天早晨在福赛斯集市有一辆坐满印度人的吉普车。他想,那辆吉普车的前面或许还有一面红旗。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">那群住在福赛斯集市的人匆匆忙忙地沿着公路走下去。那位摩洛甘济的博巴则赶去大街上。我不敢确定是不是他,刚刚没过一会儿,只听得一声惊叫“我们的孩子呢?”另外一个声音参加进来,“孩子们被拐走了!”然后,真正的混乱开始了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在令人吃惊的短短的一点时间,巴士停车场便挤满了惊恐万状的博巴。女人们是最为嘈杂的,她们对男人们喊叫着,让他们干这个干那个,呼天抢地仿佛世界末日。男人们则一边东奔西跑,一边恶言咒骂。我特别记得其中一位,</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这位仁兄自以为了不起可是又头脑简单。我的这位朋友被人们开玩笑地称为“东曲”(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
dhonchoe</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,达赖喇嘛私人代表的正式称呼</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),因为他热衷于在公开集会上到处张罗,看上去忙碌不堪而且重任在身。那天他在大街上跑上跑下,手中挥舞着一把样式怪异的图伯特长刀,口中同时恶狠狠地叫喊着:“他们在哪儿?他们在哪儿?”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">人群中有几位女嬉皮士和几位老阿妈,她们都在失声痛哭。一位老奶奶怀抱着一只叫个不停的小狮子狗,增加增添了嘈杂的气氛。一个我认识的脑子缺弦的德国女孩认出了我,跑过来哭喊着“救救孩子们!救救他们!”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我恐怕当时笑出了声。人群里有些人转头对我说,“你怎么笑得出来?……我们的孩子……被拐走了……”等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我试图解释他们是何等的荒谬,但是根本于事无补。所幸,适时发生了一件分散大家注意力的事情——某位头脑还算清醒的人建议人们去查看一下当地的走读学校,摩洛甘济的幼童都在那里上学。所有人都沿着街道冲向那所仅有两间房子的小学校。那位年长的僧人老师被粗暴地从午睡中惊醒。他之前已经给孩子们放了假,绝大多数孩子们都已经出去玩了。最终,孩子们召集到了一起。事实上,他们当中很多人就一直在人群当中大喊大叫自得其乐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年龄大些的孩子都在几英里之外图伯特儿童村的学校上学。人群中一位自封的领袖——当地的一个智力和人品都非常不堪的政客——然后带着大家前往图伯特妇女手工艺中心(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibetan
Women's Handicraft Centre</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),那里有一部电话。他们给</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TCV</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的校长打电话并且要求他立即检查有没有摩洛甘济的学生失踪。经过漫长的争执,这位校长终于让打电话的人相信所有的孩子们都在学校……但是我们的这位“代表”依然没完没了,他开始吵吵嚷嚷地要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TCV</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">提供汽车并护送镇子上的孩子们放学回家。校长当时就挂断了电话。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">那天晚上,一大帮武装到牙齿的父母护卫队去学校把孩子接回家。人们还为未来几天的护送任务绘制了执勤表,两三个摩洛甘济的男子,配备刀子和棍棒,负责陪同孩子们上下学。过了一段时间之后,人们对这项工作感到疲劳了,也或许他们渐渐明白了从一开始就不存在什么威胁——因为护送中断了,而孩子们像以往一样自己上学,自由自在、无人陪伴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我当时并没有觉得这个事件有任何重要意义。我以为随着教育和融入现代社会,这样的弱点在我们的社会中会逐渐消失。这已经是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年以前的事情了,而我们似乎每年都在倒退。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
1925</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年,在田纳西州著名的“</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B4%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">斯科普斯猴子审判</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scopes
" Monkey" trial</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)一案的开庭陈述中,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">克拉伦斯·丹诺</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clarence Darrow</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)警告说:“我们正在大踏步地退回十六世纪的光荣岁月——冥顽不化的盲信者点燃柴把,烧死那些给人们的思想中带来智慧、觉悟和文化的人。”在达兰萨拉,我们还没有烧死谁,但是有证据表明我们正在往那个方向发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1996</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年,有一个人受到一帮达兰萨拉暴民的攻击。幸亏印度警察及时赶到,他才只是挨了一顿打而没有受到其他更加严重的伤害。他犯了什么罪吗?有一次在棚子里躲避一场暴雨的时候(又是一个季风季节),他开玩笑地说,即便是达赖喇嘛也拿达兰萨拉的雨水没办法。他的风言风语飘过了一位老阿妈的耳朵,这位老阿妈于是拉响了警报。同样在去年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1998</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年)的季风季节,发生了另一场小“骚动”。一群节假日的游客深夜离开</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mc'llo</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">啤酒吧,结果受到了一帮睡眼惺忪、衣衫不整(但是配备了刀子和棍棒)的博巴们的“款待”——他们当时正稀里糊涂地游荡在摩洛甘济的大街上。他们半夜醒来是为了击退他们以为会发生的雄天信徒的进犯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">随着现代工业和技术文明的进展或其他外部冲击而遭遇破坏的传统社会,总是不约而同地寻求利用魔法、迷信和原教旨主义作为问题的解决之道。这种现象并非绝无仅有的个例。每个遭遇类似威胁的社会或许采取各自不同的应对方法,但时常会出现一些有趣的巧合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1987</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年的冬天,作家</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尼可拉斯·莎士比亚</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nicholas Shakespeare</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在秘鲁的阿亚库乔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ayacucho</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)旅行时,他在当地的印第安人中间碰到了一种普遍的信仰,令人震惊地类似于博巴们的人油恐惧。印第安人相信,一个名叫皮斯塔克(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishtaco"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pishtaco</span></i></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的恶人从印第安受害者身上提炼“人油”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> human grease</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。而实际上,莎士比亚自己就几乎被当地人怀疑为一个“皮斯塔克”,不明不白地遭遇了一些不愉快。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">最后,在当地报纸《</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ahora!</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">》上,他读到一篇文章《恐怖笼罩下的阿亚库乔》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ayacucho lives
in terror</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。在这篇文章中,他了解到“皮斯塔克是一个高个子外国白人,白天睡觉,喝很多牛奶而且在外套里面带着一把长刀。他用这把刀砍杀印第安人。他剁下他们的头颅和四肢,留下他们的躯干提取人油来润滑他的机器。欧洲工业革命时期就曾经用可怜的印第安人的油脂来润滑机器。后来的越南战争和朝鲜战争时期也一样。而挑战者号航天飞机之所以爆炸,就是因为缺少这种‘人油’”。(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
"In Pursuit of Guzman," in <i>The Best of Granta Travel</i></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">说到皮斯塔克,早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1571</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年,就有人提到印第安人相信,从印第安人身上提取的一种油膏被送往西班牙,去治疗一种在那里无药可治的疾病。一位大学讲师对莎士比亚说,这种迷思其实是印第安人用自己的方式解释西班牙人的统治,当前出现的情况是一种自发行为,并非是有组织的行动:当地社会因为受到军方和“</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">光辉道路</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Sendero</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,毛泽东主义的游击队,自称智利共产党)的双重打压,而变得仇视一切。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在地球的另外一端,还有另外一群遭遇类似威胁的人们试图通过一种不恰当的源自传统世界观的方法,来理解现代技术和物质主义的无情推进。《林间异侣》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Stranger
in the Forest</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)一书的作者埃里克·汉森(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hansen_(travel_writer)"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Eric
Hansen</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在徒步穿越婆罗洲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Borneo</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,加里曼丹岛的旧称)时,被误以为是“</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/06/books/taken-for-a-beast-in-the-jungle.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">巴厘萨冷</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bali saleng</span><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">当地人心目中的一种林中鬼怪),或是为海岸边的建筑项目搜集血液祭品的人。“巴厘萨冷”有一双特别的弹簧鞋,能让他一跃而达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">米高、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">米远。它能在空中远距离快速弹跳,突然将人抓走。它用藤条将受害者绑住,然后一把小刀和一个橡胶泵从受害者的手腕或脚部抽取血液。汉森在丛林里受到村民的攻击,险些丧命。村民们在他的背包中搜寻弹簧鞋和橡胶泵,但一无所获,无奈之下才将他放走。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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1999<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">High
Asia Journal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-61640884477568323292014-03-27T15:26:00.001-04:002014-03-28T14:20:00.361-04:00嘉央諾布:《錯失良機》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6BU27B7TZGqLTpWFHwEJbPqpoX1Dlzkt7F7CRkQ4hnxLsAD5uJcQwSx0dhTBlhkCm_mziGkaQkofNMG559jd3H4B5NdFQRZWBBvFau5VTbVGu2J5rwlQ0ZvOvCzFRKjt6mxWI-e4R0k/s1600/%E9%94%99%E5%A4%B1%E8%89%AF%E6%9C%BA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-6BU27B7TZGqLTpWFHwEJbPqpoX1Dlzkt7F7CRkQ4hnxLsAD5uJcQwSx0dhTBlhkCm_mziGkaQkofNMG559jd3H4B5NdFQRZWBBvFau5VTbVGu2J5rwlQ0ZvOvCzFRKjt6mxWI-e4R0k/s1600/%E9%94%99%E5%A4%B1%E8%89%AF%E6%9C%BA.jpg" height="212" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央諾布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻譯:更桑東智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">@johnlee1021</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">居美多傑啦</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt;">(<span lang="EN-US">Gyurmey Dorje la</span>)</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在對我最近一篇文章的評論中,問道:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你能否寫一篇文章,談論一下東南亞和中國的問題,以及噶廈政府對中國的綏靖政策如何讓我們錯失良機?</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,我參加了德里的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“3.10”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">遊行,我當時在為《圖伯特評論》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tibetan Review</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和《圖伯特簡報》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tibetan Bulletin</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">拍攝照片。由於是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">周年紀念,遊行中安排了一些比以往聲勢浩大的活動節目。新聞部還出版了一份特別紀念刊物。當然,那一天也有比以往更多的各種演說,就在聽一個冗長的個人講演時,我突然想到一個主意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/?attachment_id=5233"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/M10-souvenir-360x465.jpg" href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/?attachment_id=5233" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 235.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 182.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就在幾天之前,中國對越南發動了大規模進攻,主要是為了懲罰越南入侵柬埔寨並且推翻了中共的附庸政權(和得意門生)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">通過大屠殺製造了臭名昭著的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">殺戮戰場</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的紅色高棉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Khmer Rouge</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。我想,為何不帶領整個遊行隊伍通過越南使館門前,去顯示我們和越南站在一起並且譴責中國的帝國主義行徑?在演講和呼喊口號的過程中,我對馬努卡蒂拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Majnukatilla</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的博巴社區領袖嘉央次成啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Tsultrim</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、圖伯特青年大會德里地區分會領導人以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gyen Gose la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">講了我的想法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Gyen Gose la</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就是受人尊敬的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Thupten Jungnay</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,他是一位流亡議員,也是一位不知疲倦、堅定不移的讓贊活動人士。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他們都表示同意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/M10-souvenir-360x465.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/M10-souvenir-360x465.jpg" height="320" width="247" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">所以,在結束了(原先安排的)對中國的抗議活動之後,我們出發前往越南使館,那裡離出發地點隻隔了一條街,我們無需改變我們通常經過印度之門(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">India Gate</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和康諾廣場(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Connaught Place</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的遊行路線。我趕在其他人之前去統治越南官員。他們很吃驚但是非常歡迎。人們在使館周圍發表演說,譴責中國的侵略並頌揚越南人民與圖伯特人民之間的友好關係。使館工作人員還給抗議者提供冷飲。那天的天氣很熱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1979</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年以後,尤其在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">90</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年代之後,隨著兩國商業關係的增強,越南與中國的關係有所改善。另一方面,由於兩國都對帕拉塞爾群島(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Paracel Islands</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即中國所稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西沙群島</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和斯普拉特利群島(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Spratly Islands</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即中國所稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">南沙群島</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)擁有主權,又給兩國之間的關係緊張提供了注解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1974</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,中國與南越之間發生了一場嚴重的衝突,此後中國完全控制了帕拉塞爾群島(西沙群島)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,中國與越南在詹森礁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Johnson Reef</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即中國所稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">赤瓜礁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)歸屬權問題上爆發衝突。中國軍艦擊沉了越南給登陸部隊提供給養的運輸船,並擊斃了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">64</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名越南士兵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年春天,據報導,中國官員通報美國官員稱整個南中國海都是中國的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">核心利益</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">範圍,是沒有談判餘地的,在國家事務中和臺灣與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">同等重要。而越南則在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">21</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日作出回應,通過了一部《海洋法》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">the Law on the Sea</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),將斯普拉特利群島(南沙群島)和帕拉塞爾群島(西沙群島)都納入越南的司法管轄範圍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2013</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月,越南指責中國攻擊了一艘越南漁船。印度海軍應邀訪問越南,以及印越兩國在這些水域共同進行的石油開發都對這一地區緊張局勢的升級起到了推波助瀾的作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">讀者們想必瞭解,除了越南之外,其他東亞國家諸如日本、馬來西亞、汶萊和菲律賓都分別與中國存在領土爭議。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就在一個月以前(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日),菲律賓總統阿基諾就中國日益增長的侵略性領土野心發出警告。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他呼籲世界各國給予菲律賓更多支持,以抵抗中國對菲律賓附近海域獨斷專行的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">領海主權要求</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,並援引西方國家未能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1938</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年支持捷克斯洛伐克反對希特勒對捷克的領土要求來作為對比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/06/world/asia/philippines.html?_r=0"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《紐約時報》說</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">阿基諾先生的講話是亞洲國家領導人對中國的軍力增長和領土野心心存警覺的最強烈的信號,而且是亞洲領導人在最近幾周裡第二次將其類比為世界大戰的前奏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《紐約時報》提到的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/24/world/asia/japans-leader-compares-strain-with-china-to-germany-and-britain-in-1914.html?_r=1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span lang="EN-US">另一次</span></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這樣的類比</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,是日本首相安倍晉三(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shinzo Abe</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日在瑞士達沃斯論壇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Davos conference</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)上發表的講話。他說,日中之間不斷增加的緊張關係<i>類似于</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一戰</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">前德國與英國之間的競爭</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。擅長集會演講的安倍先生說,在這兩個時期存在一種</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">相似的局勢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">相關的兩個國家之間都保持著密切的貿易關係,但是這種貿易關係又不足以消除兩國之間的戰略對抗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日中之間的爭議在於另外一個群島</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">位於東中國海的尖閣群島(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Senkaku</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),即中國所稱的釣魚島。在過去的幾個月,中國主要的宣傳機器《人民日報》通過發表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有關專家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的評論,質疑日本對迄今尚無爭議的琉球群島和沖繩群島所擁有的主權,根據是琉球王國在歷史上曾經一度向中國朝貢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中國學者們類似的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">修正主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">文章也同樣引起了韓國的關切。中國社會科學院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2002</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的一個歷史研究專案聲稱,在今天北韓和中國東北之間的一些地區曾經有一個漢人的王國,是中華帝國不可分割的一部分。韓國和國際上研究高句麗(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Goguryeo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)歷史的專家指責中國政府,為了政治目的濫用歷史資料,並推測中國這樣做是為了一旦北韓的政權垮臺,可以為自己在這一地區占得一席之地。我甚至記得韓國學者在向媒體談起高句麗問題的爭議時,還拿中國吞併圖伯特作為參考例證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">幾個月前,中國軍艦在馬來西亞聲稱擁有主權的海域巡邏,全然不顧馬來西亞提出的抗議,並再次聲稱自己對整個寬闊的南中國海地區擁有主權。儘管馬來西亞在傳統上一直避免與中國發生衝突,但是有些專家指出,(中國方面的)舉動會引起</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">吉隆坡</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">方面的反抗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">馬來西亞是東盟組織(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Asean</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)中具有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">重要影響力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的國家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因而可能使得領海主權爭議的格局發生變化。新加坡東南亞研究所的伊安</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">斯托裡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ian Storey</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)博士說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果中國的這種現代版的炮艦外交政策持續下去,中馬關係很可能受到傷害。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">讀者們也或許所有這些動向都有所瞭解,也知道日本空前的軍力增加和美國正在日益介入在這一地區所有國家之間(包括印度)創建一個聯盟,來遏制中國在太平洋和印度洋地區咄咄逼人的野心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我在此描述東亞地區的時局概況並非意在預測這一地區一場即將來臨的戰爭,或者展望</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">即將崩潰的中國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。但是,如論多麼謹慎,我們也可以確定地說,整個這一地區的地緣政治形勢自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">90</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年代以來已經發生了顯著的,而且是有利於圖伯特的變化,儘管我們在這些變化面前沒有任何作為。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這並非是說,這些與中國存在領土爭議的國家會站出來支援圖伯特事業。他們不會這麼做,至少在政府層面上目前不會這麼做。他們中的絕大多數都與中國保持著相當可觀的貿易關係,而圖伯特對於他們而言還遠沒有那麼舉足輕重。儘管如此,最近的事件還是給了我們提供了一個契機去接近這些與中國有敵對關係的國家,而我們也可以讓這些國家在對中國的宣傳戰中獲得一些優勢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在臺灣、韓國和日本,有一些圖伯特活動人士和支持團體已經提出有關在圖伯特境內侵犯人權的議題,這些活動無疑是重要的。不過就事論事而言,從侵犯人權的角度去反對中國的擴張主義似乎不是行之有效的最佳方法。絕大多數東亞國家在人權問題上都各自的難言之隱,或是歷史的或是當前的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">東亞國家與中國的正在發生的衝突事關領土和國家主權。而圖伯特問題,正如我早先提到的,恰恰是被北京方面自己捆綁進這個更為宏大的衝突當中的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">據報導,中國官員通報美國官員稱整個南中國海都是中國的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">核心利益</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">範圍,是沒有談判餘地的,在國家事務中和臺灣與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">同等重要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(見國會研究服務部政策研究報告,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日)。因此我認為,提出圖伯特主權(以及中國對其進行的顛覆)問題將會有利於這些國家</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">與中國進行的法律爭議,而且還可以讓這些國家的民眾瞭解中國是如何老練而無情地利用虛假的歷史資料來推進自己的擴張進程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">啟動這一努力的一個可能管道是(通過現有的支持團體)與這些國家的獨立學術機構和司法機關取得聯繫,並向他們提供有關資料和檔(諸如條約、護照、地圖和旗幟的副本),這樣他們就可以發表聲明和新聞公告來說明圖伯特曾經是一個主權獨立的國家,而中國不僅對其進行了軍事侵犯和佔領,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">還逆向編造虛假的歷史事件來證明自己的領土要求。在斯普拉特利(南沙)群島、帕拉賽爾(西沙)群島、尖閣群島(釣魚島)和琉球群島問題上,甚至包括北韓的古代高勾麗王國等問題上,中國的所作所為與他們在圖伯特的作為如出一轍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">作為第一步,我們編寫了一本小冊子《圖伯特</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px;">獨立</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的歷史事實》(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">Independent Tibet: Some Facts</span>),目前有英語、印地語、博語和漢語版本,已經由圖伯特國民大會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Tibetan National
Congress</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和圖伯特青年大會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Tibetan Youth
Congress</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)聯合出版。讀者還可以從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Rangzen.net</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">下</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">載該書。我們當然還可以將此書翻譯為越南語、日語或韓語。不同於上世紀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">60</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">70</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年代,現在我們在世界各地,當然也包括圖伯特境內和中國的大學和研究機構可以獲得很多資料,我們可以利用這些資料擴大我們的努力:可以圍繞圖伯特獨立和中國為了它的擴張或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">生存空間</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lebensraum</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)政策而改寫歷史這個中心議題,組織研討會和展覽等活動,延續日本首相和菲律賓總統提出的有關世界大戰前奏的討論。我相信這樣的動議在所有這些國家都會得到支援。也或許甚至會得到一兩個國家政府心照不宣的支持。恕我直言,我們應該記住這些國家都在遭受來自中國的欺淩,如果他們試圖尋找一種適當的方法來換以顏色,是再自然不過的事情。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">對於我們而言,至關重要的事情是能夠</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">再一次在國際舞臺上提出圖伯特獨立的問題並得到討論。沒人知道下一扇打開的是什麼樣的門,又有誰能知道我們的鬥爭事業會面臨什麼樣的天賜良機?有一件事情是肯定的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這些努力能給圖伯特境內的每一位同胞帶來巨大的道義支持。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不用說,達蘭薩拉是絕不</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">會</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">打算抓住這個或任何其他這樣的時機。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的教義明確要求不能給中國領導人施加任何形式的壓力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=34590"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">最近故</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">鄉網</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Phayul.com</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)上的一篇</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">報</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">導</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">清楚地說明,甚至尋求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">外部支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">現在都是被禁止的:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">23</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日,三藩市報導:圖伯特精神領袖達賴喇嘛尊者對居住在這個地區的博巴們說,圖伯特問題必須通過與中國的對話而不是尋求任何外部支持來獲得解決。這位現年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">78</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">歲的諾貝爾和平獎獲得者回顧了他與已故印度總理尼赫魯在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年代會談。達賴喇嘛說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我記得他(尼赫魯)對我說,解決這個問題的唯一方法只能是同中國對話,而不是尋求外部支持,包括聯合國。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 7.8pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">外部支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、不要施加壓力、不要實施制裁、不要抗議和抵制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這些就是構建</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">低聲下氣的宿命論戰略的最主要的幾塊磚瓦。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這些不是憑空想像出來的禁令。達蘭薩拉積極地反對所有抵制北京奧運會的號召,反對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">向圖伯特自由行進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">活動和每一個抗議活動,甚至反對那一年發生在拉薩的影響深遠的起義。更早一些時候,總理桑東仁波切甚至號召博巴們,在中國領導人訪問美國、歐洲和印度期間,不要組織和平抗議活動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我們當中所有意識到一個重大機遇已經來臨的人,應該問自己一個問題:我們必須採取什麼樣的行動來克服官方的失敗主義並將讓贊鬥爭推向前進?我將會在我的下一篇文章中就此展開討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在結尾之前,我想就今年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“310”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">紀念活動說兩句。我聽說,在各地的博巴社區和組織中到處流傳著很多官方授意的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">建議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,旨在調整慶祝和示威的內容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不再齊唱《奮起》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Longsho</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),不再打出含有可能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">傷害中國人民感情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">內容的橫幅,不再呼喊類似</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“CHINA GO HOME”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> BHOD RANGZEN</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">FREE TIBET</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這樣</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的口</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">號</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。我希望</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">些</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">都不是真的。萬一果真如此,我請求那些今年遊行的參加者不要理睬所有這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">建議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。如果有人來要求你不要呼喊那些老口號而是去呼喊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中國人,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">請與我們對話</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不要民主,要共產</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我們熱愛中華人民共和國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">等等的口號,那麼我認為一個恰當的、有創意的和非暴力的回應應該是,清清嗓子,優雅地對準他(或她)的臉啐上一大口。但是,拜託,不要訴諸暴力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-52407934755685324402014-03-05T01:37:00.000-05:002014-03-28T14:20:32.342-04:00嘉央诺布:《达赖喇嘛是否安全?》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2014</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">28</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2014/02/28/is-the-dalai-lama-safe/">http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2014/02/28/is-the-dalai-lama-safe/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我昨天看到<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfEEZvVUvKg">一段视频</a>,让我在随后的一整天感到郁闷和愤怒。一名外国尼师和一名雄天(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Shugden</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)信徒在旧金山的一家酒店的大堂碰见尊者,呼喊着一连串无礼的口号:“达赖喇嘛停止撒谎”、“人人享有宗教自由”、“停止撒谎”和“达赖喇嘛你必须停止撒谎”等等。尊者打算和她争辩几句,但是她只是一直不停的呼喊口号直到达赖喇嘛离开。这段视频只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">38</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">秒,但是给人的感觉要长的多,痛苦而漫长。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">大约十年以前,我曾经写过一篇分为前后两部分的文章,讨论有关博巴的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://phayul.tibethosting.com/news/article.aspx?id=9394&t=1&c=4"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">迷信</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=9412&t=1&c=4"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">神谕崇拜</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。我在文中提到了有关雄天的争议。现摘录其中一段:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">当然,必须允许人们坚持他们的信仰,无论我们觉得这些信仰多麽的荒谬和错误。我相信人们有权利崇拜雄天和任何其他想要崇拜的神灵,而作为宗教领袖,达赖喇嘛当然也有权利以宗教理论为基础进行反驳并要求信众约束类似的崇拜行为。但是问题并不在此。麻烦在于图伯特政府参与了达赖喇嘛对雄天信仰禁令的实施。图伯特政府宣称,它没有颁布任何指令或要求人们对雄天信徒进行骚扰和攻击。然而,它制作和散发了书籍和视频资料,来妖魔化雄天信徒。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">但是最近的这次雄天信徒与尊者的遭遇是完全不能接受的。整个事件看上去像是一个故意的设计,目的只是让尊者难堪。那位尼师甚至没有试图与尊者讨论。她只是在重复她的口号。酒店外面其他西方雄天信徒呼喊着同样的口号,这些口号也印在他们的标语牌和横幅上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我绝非是说不可以和尊者有不同意见。过去几十年里在图伯特独立问题上,我一直是达赖喇嘛直言不讳的批评者,但是我一直确信我没有写作任何东西可以被利用作为反对尊者本人和图伯特事业的弹药。我同时也一直与那些故意的无礼和试图公开使尊者蒙羞的行为划清界限,像旧金山发生的事情就已然超越了界限。西方雄天信徒们的举动至少是暴露了他们对博巴们的希望和梦想的感觉迟钝,那些在中国统治下痛苦煎熬的博巴渴望着有朝一日达赖喇嘛会回到获得独立的祖国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">不过仔细一想,我便无法继续对西方雄天信徒们感到愤怒,毕竟他们不是博巴,他们与我们拥有不同的价值观,并且他们至少是走出来公开(而和平)地一吐心中块垒。但是,那些总是想方设法跟着尊者到处旅行的我们自己的那些部长官员们(在随行的照片和视频上总能见到他们)到底在哪里?他们在哪里?为何没人哪怕一两个人至少站到那位尼师跟前请她离开,当然如果能客气地请她出去就更好?我记得以前曾经看过一段录像,在一个类似的事件中一位图伯特官员,噶伦扎西旺帝(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Tashi Wangdi</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)走到一大群信奉雄天的抗议者面前,平静地同他们谈话并且在尊者和抗议者之间形成一道屏障。为何没有任何一个官员出现在尊者和这位尼师之间?更何况这位尼师相当瘦小,并且看上去相当紧张和惊慌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">或者更加直接一些说,为了保障尊者的安全那个地方到底安排了什么样的安保措施?我们都知道,在过去的十来年里,西方的雄天信徒一直出现在尊者在西方各国的讲话和会见的场合。显而易见,他们这次也同样会在尊者访问加州期间做出同样的事情。那么有关方面为何没有做出足够的防范措施?我曾经针对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2012/12/rfa.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">若干不同的<span lang="EN-US">事件</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">写到过达兰萨拉方面应该极为谨慎地审核拜访达赖喇嘛的客人,不仅仅是为了保证尊者的身体安全,同时也是为了避免出现一些意想不到的麻烦和一些不合礼仪甚至是难堪的局面。我得知在流亡社会的小道消息中有一种推测,认为那位尼师之所以能够接近尊者,是因为她是外国人,是西方人。众所周知,现在博巴要比外国人难以接近尊者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">据报道,现在来自中国的汉人访客成群结队地前往达兰萨拉,而且似乎没有任何困难就可以得到批准去拜见尊者。考虑到中国体制的运作方式,我想,如果说这些访客中有相当大比例的人与中国的情报和安全部门有联系,肯定不算夸张。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">那么就旧金山的这个具体事例而言,(安保工作)为何如此掉以轻心,疏忽大意?据我所知,在控制和管理达赖喇嘛出访他国,尤其是出访美国的问题上,图伯特政治圈存在严重的权力争斗。因而,我们的那些相关官员们将他们的精力和才智更多地集中在了争权夺利而不是尊者行程的安保准备工作上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尽管绝大多数博巴对念口号的尼师和其他西方雄天信徒感到恼火,但是我们最好能将他们抛到脑后。事实上我认为,达兰萨拉应当采取的态度是,对雄天信徒在达赖喇嘛访问西方时采取的举动有一些最起码的理解,哪怕在当前我们还不能从根本上解决这些分歧。否则,很容易想象可能出现一些失控的状况,愤怒的流亡博巴甚至可能与雄天信徒在纽约或是伦敦的大街上大打出手,对我们的事业和尊者的国际形象造成一些难以挽回的损失。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我们永远不要忘记,我们还有一个远远更加可怕和邪恶的敌人,在不动声色地对尊者的生命和遗产进行着最根本的伤害。这个敌人杀害了数百名喇嘛,屠杀了数千名僧人,让年轻的班禅喇嘛“失踪”;并且像我在前面提到的,正在源源不断地向我们的流亡首都派遣特工密探,他们的目的最起码是令人忧虑不安的。对此,我们做了那些严肃的应对准备?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这真是一件想都不敢想的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-32397094280106732812014-02-28T11:23:00.000-05:002014-02-28T11:41:11.549-05:00莫拉•莫伊尼汉:图伯特新领导人在威胁印度的安全?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Is new Tibetan leader a threat to India?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">作者:莫拉</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">莫伊尼汉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://www.asianage.com/category/author/maurya-moynihan">Maurya
Moynihan</a> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="https://twitter.com/johnlee1021">Kalsang Dhondup</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Feb 21, 2014 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://www.asianage.com/ideas/new-tibetan-leader-threat-india-950">http://www.asianage.com/ideas/new-tibetan-leader-threat-india-950</a>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">自从尼赫鲁总理在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">1959年</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">为达赖喇嘛和数万名图伯特难民提供庇护所,印度已经从这项人道主义行动中收获了道义和战略利益。但是,随着达赖喇嘛政治退休和洛桑森格成为达拉萨拉的新任图伯特政治领袖,印度和图伯特流亡政府之间的紧密联系似乎正面临风险。洛桑森格先生表现出一种奇怪的和前所未有的意愿,要把自己命运的赌注投在中国身上,而这则给他对于印度安全的承诺带来很多问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">印度因为给博巴提供流亡家园而赢得了国际声誉。印度的全球“软实力”也因为接待诺贝尔和平奖获得者达赖喇嘛而得到增强,很多人把达赖喇嘛看做是圣雄甘地遗产的活着的继承者,践行非暴力、不杀生的主张。他还将自己称为“印度之子”。在过去的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">54</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年里,很多图伯特难民在印度军中服役,参加了孟加拉独立战争和修造保护印度北方边界安全的公路。图伯特佛教四个主要派别的领袖人物在印度的存在也给像阿鲁纳恰尔邦、锡金和拉达克这些敏感地区带来了无可估量的利益。而忠诚的支持印度的图伯特流亡者也挑战了中国以图伯特为基地无所顾忌地威胁印度的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">但是这种有益的关系现在却由于洛桑森格引发的变化而面临危险。洛桑森格先生让很多长期支持图伯特的人士感到困惑不解,他宣布了一系列令人警觉的倾向北京的政策,并且威胁要用这些政策来引领整个流亡博巴的事业。别忘了,是多亏了印度政府,洛桑森格先生在有机会在印度出生、成长和接受教育。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">5</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">8</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日,在著名的华盛顿智库“外交委员会”发表的一篇讲话中,洛桑森格先生宣称,博巴今后可以放弃在图伯特实现民主的目标并在“当前的架构下”接受中共的统治。在有关印度安全问题上,最值得忧虑的是,当被问到有关中国从图伯特地区对印度边界进行的军事侵扰时,他宣称在这个问题上他支持中国,因为中国在侵扰印度领土问题上有完全的“自由裁决权”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">是什么驱使洛桑森格先生对北京投怀送抱?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这位新晋的图伯特领导人曾经是哈佛大学的一位籍籍无名的研究人员。他通过一场一反常态咄咄逼人的选战击败了两位声名显赫的对手,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年赢得了流亡博巴的大多数选票。从一个研究院的薪资水平看,现在依然是一个谜——他是如何支付穿梭飞行的竞选费用?又如何能够在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">7</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">29</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日,仅在就职前几天,突然付清了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">22.7</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">万美元的房屋贷款?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">若干资料注意到,洛桑森格先生在哈佛大学期间与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><a href="http://ssdpp.net.cn/eweditor/Uploadfile/20130917124527597.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">胡<span lang="EN-US">晓<span lang="EN-US">江</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">保持着密切而持久的关系,而后者是哈佛大学中国学生学者联谊会的主席,这种联谊会与中国情报机构有着千丝万缕的联系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年,洛桑森格先生也承认——在矢口否认数年之后——他曾经在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">2005</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年持一份“海外华人”护照前往北京参加一个学术交流活动。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些事情或许还可以勉强解释,但是并不能改变这样的事实——洛桑森格先生正在设法推进政策使得中共(统治)合法化并支持中国对印度形成威胁的军事实力。印度正在面对一个日益好战的中国,它正意图从喜马拉雅到东海挥舞自己的军刀。中国继续占领着阿克赛钦地区(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Aksai Chin</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),还每天对印度领土进行武装袭扰,并且计划从布拉马普特拉河(即雅鲁藏布江)和其他一些图伯特重要河流向中国缺水和污染地区引水。当此之时,由于这位新晋的几乎默默无闻的图伯特政治家完全承认中国不受限制的将图伯特地区军事化的权利,民主印度的国家安全已经受到了威胁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">相反,印度需要一个支持民主的图伯特作为盟友,挑战中国把图伯特变成军事基地来威胁印度的能力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">此时此刻,印度情报局和其他安全部门应当就其讲话的含义质询洛桑森格先生,同样需要质询的还有他未经解释的资金来源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">面对日益增加的来自中国的威胁,现在正是时候重新振奋因洛桑森格先生的言行而受到动摇的印图双边的互利关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-60047973149458831162014-02-04T21:49:00.002-05:002014-02-04T21:49:47.182-05:00"关注科学家协会"就伊力哈木•土赫提被捕问题致习近平的公开信<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">@johnlee1021</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文发表时间:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2014</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">27</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文网址:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://concernedscientists.org/2014/01/advocate-for-uighur-minority-in-china-arrested-taken-to-undisclosed-location/">http://concernedscientists.org/2014/01/advocate-for-uighur-minority-in-china-arrested-taken-to-undisclosed-location/</a>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">President Xi Jinping</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">People's Republic of China</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">习近平主席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">北京市西城区府右街</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2014</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">27</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Your Excellency: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">尊敬的阁下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">We are an independent
organization of scientists, physicians, engineers and scholars devoted to the
protection and advancement of human rights and scientific freedom for
colleagues all over the world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">我们是由科学家、物理学家、工程师和学者组成的独立组织,致力于保护和促进全球科学界同仁的人权和科学研究自由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">We write now in concern
for Professor Ilham Tohti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">我们特此致函表示对伊力哈木•土赫提(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">Ilham Tohti</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">)教授的关注。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Dr. Tohti is a
professor of economics at the Central Minorities University in Beijing and an
advocate for the rights of the Chinese Uighur minority. We understands from
media reports that on the afternoon of January 15, 2014, police reportedly
raided Tohti’s family home, arrested him, seized computers, cell phones,
passports, and other documents – including teaching materials and student
essays – and then took Tohti to an undisclosed location. We also gather that
Tohti is currently held incommunicado on unspecified charges. It is unclear
whether he has access to legal counsel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">土赫提博士是位于北京的中央民族大学的经济学教授,也是中国维吾尔族人权倡导者。我们通过媒体报道了解到,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2014</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">15</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">日下午,警方突击检查了土赫提的家并抓捕了他,同时还抄没了电脑、手机、护照和其他文件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">包括教学材料和学生论文,并将土赫提带往一个没有公布的地点。我们还获悉,土赫提目前正由于不明指控而遭到单独关押。我们不清楚他是否可以获得律师。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Tohti has previously
been placed under house arrest by Chinese authorities, subjected to
restrictions on academic travel, and interrogated by police in connection with
his academic work. We understand that he has also recently reported to the
media that police have harassed him, rammed his car, and threatened to kill his
wife and children, allegedly in an effort to force him to stop speaking to
foreign journalists. We have previously written to Chinese authorities to
protest restrictions on Tohti's travel to the United States, where he was
invited as a visiting scholar to Indiana University. These recent actions
appear to indicate that Tohti was arrested as a result of scholarly and
nonviolent expressive activity, conduct that is expressly protected under
international human rights instruments including the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to
which China is a signatory. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">土赫提之前曾经受到中国当局的软禁,学术旅行受到限制,学术工作遭到警方的讯问。我们知悉,不久之前他还向媒体透露,警方曾经对他进行骚扰,冲撞他的汽车并威胁要杀掉他的妻子和孩子。据说这样做是为了阻止他对外国媒体发表言论。我们过去也曾致信中国当局,抗议限制土赫提前往美国,当时他应邀去印第安纳大学访学。中国当局最近的一系列行动似乎表明,土赫提是因为他的学术性和非暴力表达行为遭到拘捕,而这些行为是受到包括《世界人权宣言》和《公民和政治权利国际公约》等国际人权保护措施明文保护的,中国也是这些文献的签字国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75ahqkUtONQCI6oXbBx3IXmS1ilPoqwMsPhd17vATm0nsxYaZqcIMNh4GiniPdArTV4AIzXtcy9VW3h6BgvUQEN3XFLWOpm2904xSytNgouzLMHsfYK59amtMp4fdl8CO_jbpBk46vjA/s1600/BfhLFK9CQAACm1o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75ahqkUtONQCI6oXbBx3IXmS1ilPoqwMsPhd17vATm0nsxYaZqcIMNh4GiniPdArTV4AIzXtcy9VW3h6BgvUQEN3XFLWOpm2904xSytNgouzLMHsfYK59amtMp4fdl8CO_jbpBk46vjA/s1600/BfhLFK9CQAACm1o.jpg" height="320" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">伊力哈木•土赫提的女儿在<a href="https://twitter.com/JewherIlham">推特网站</a><br />发帖声援自己的父亲</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">We therefore
respectfully urge you to investigate the situation, to explain publicly the
circumstances of Tohti’s arrest and, pending his immediate release, to ensure
that his case proceeds in a manner consistent with China’s obligations under
international law, in particular internationally recognized standards of due
process, fair trial, free expression and freedom of association. We also urge
you, pending his release, to ensure Tohti’s well being in custody, including
disclosure of his current location and access to counsel and family. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">因而,我们尊敬地敦促您对有关情况进行调查,对拘捕土赫提的有关事宜予以公开解释,并且保证在他获释之前,对他案件的处理符合中国在国际法之下应当承担的义务,尤其在诉讼程序、公平审判、自由表达和自由结社方面合乎国际认可的标准。我们还敦促您,在土赫提获释之前,确保他在羁押期间获得善待,包括公布他当前的关押地点,以及可以获得律师和见到家人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-4129678995848792322014-02-03T23:09:00.007-05:002014-02-04T00:12:46.708-05:00《图伯特政治评论》:“活在枪口之下” ——评唯色、王力雄合著之《来自图伯特的声音》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoQ3g79Q3sOflz4Q0cQap2MljOFoJ_4ghLWMBkRoQ2SruIBOVUVwLzawZuBeE5T5u6PqsHoKG5ixx7pffwhuJoU6ii-vqrDF6S3htfa5aHRckVOCctk22Yn20L4e6V8e28nw5k3mqP-I4/s1600/%E6%B4%BB%E5%9C%A8%E6%9E%AA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%8B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoQ3g79Q3sOflz4Q0cQap2MljOFoJ_4ghLWMBkRoQ2SruIBOVUVwLzawZuBeE5T5u6PqsHoKG5ixx7pffwhuJoU6ii-vqrDF6S3htfa5aHRckVOCctk22Yn20L4e6V8e28nw5k3mqP-I4/s1600/%E6%B4%BB%E5%9C%A8%E6%9E%AA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%8B.jpg" height="188" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Living at Gunpoint: A review of Woeser and Wang's "Voices from
Tibet"<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">作者:布琼•</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">D</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•索朗(《图伯特政治评论》编委会成员)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译、题图摄影:更桑东智(@johnlee1021)</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/editorials/livingatgunpoint">https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/editorials/livingatgunpoint</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">《来自图伯特的声音:唯色、王力雄论文、报道选》(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Voices from Tibet: Selected Essays and Reportage by Tsering Woeser and Wang
Lixiong</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)由维奥莱特•</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span lang="EN-US">S</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">劳(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Violet S. Law</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)译自中文,并用香港大学出版社和夏威夷大学出版社联合出版。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2O9SW_t9sjTj5PlKN5Xk62woODjdWRAjI_FvO9pGQP-SwEsA9Bm2t8CjXb3qlrrgAGbwhfeJlSf9Ppe0eN3LCZ7Ixi0VW9HkXB8Xa7jRTldsSOP6mc0pt9YzAxPBvmFFLlgXWbiFu798/s1600/c287072a442439529eec71a55bb73022.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2O9SW_t9sjTj5PlKN5Xk62woODjdWRAjI_FvO9pGQP-SwEsA9Bm2t8CjXb3qlrrgAGbwhfeJlSf9Ppe0eN3LCZ7Ixi0VW9HkXB8Xa7jRTldsSOP6mc0pt9YzAxPBvmFFLlgXWbiFu798/s1600/c287072a442439529eec71a55bb73022.jpg" height="400" width="255" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在过去近万年的时间里,图伯特的牧民们在高原脆弱的环境中得心应手地安排着自己生活。他们适可而止地饲养着牲畜,从而得到足够的给养以维系他们流动不居的生活方式。这种人与自然之间的共存关系对双方都不偏不倚。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这样的日子一直持续到红旗开始飘扬在图伯特高原的蓝天。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2009</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年标志着中国占领图伯特半个世纪。就在这一年,根据维基解密(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Wikileaks</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)透露的电文,达赖喇嘛对美国驻印度大使说,国际社会在未来五到十年应该关注图伯特严峻的环境状况;据报道,这位图伯特领袖说,环境问题比政治问题更加迫切。达赖喇嘛说,“冰川融化、森林滥伐和因矿山开采而日益严重的水污染等等,都是刻不容缓的问题。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">尽管有这位图伯特诺贝尔和平奖得主的大声疾呼,但实际上收效甚微。事实上,图伯特高原上的矿山开采规模已经成倍增长,同时从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年起,中国实际上禁止了国际媒体进入图伯特。科罗拉多大学(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">University of Colorado</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的卡罗尔•麦克格雷娜罕(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Carole McGranahan</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)说,当今对于外国记者而言,去北韩都要比去图伯特更容易。这位教授也是《被拘禁的历史:图伯特、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">CIA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">与一场被遗忘的战争》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a Forgotten War</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)一书的作者。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在如此令人忧心忡忡的时刻,住在北京的图伯特作家和博客作者唯色——以及她的汉人丈夫王力雄——所发出的声音,在构建中国统治下的图伯特与自由世界之间至关重要的沟通纽带方面,起着不可或缺的作用。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">《来自图伯特的声音:唯色、王力雄随笔、报道选编》由香港大学出版社和夏威夷大学出版社联合出版发行。这本书正如雪中送炭。两位作者表达他们有关图伯特问题不同意见的勇气,与他们对范围广泛的关注点的真实报道相得益彰。他们关注的范围涵盖了对拉萨历史建筑的拆除、牧民的强制转移安置、矿山开采、自焚,以及从中国涌向图伯特的移民潮——他们当中有很多人粗暴无耻地利用图伯特的文化和宗教大发横财。</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">书中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">40</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">篇文章按照主题分为五个部分——被政治化的拉萨老城、有中国特色的经济帝国主义、四面合围中的宗教、破碎的自然、被扭曲和践踏的文化——从而向读者呈现出,在极权主义统治的体制下图伯特日常遭遇的一幅清晰画面。唯色和王力雄形容这种体制是“建立在一种刚性结构和残酷逻辑基础之上的。”</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px; text-align: start;"><i>唯色、王力雄,摄于拉萨大昭寺</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这本书最为与众不同的引人之处在于这对夫妇写作内容的正当合理。这两位作者不是纸上谈兵的评论家。他们曾经冒着生命危险前往图伯特高原的很多地方,去受北京的政策指令影响最烈地方搜集有关人和事的记录。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">丹增德勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tenzin Delek</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)仁波切于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2002</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月因所谓“非法拥有爆炸物”的罪名被判处死刑缓期两年执行。之后不久,深入康区甘孜县前往仁波切的家乡,去调查中国当局所宣称的在仁波切家中的“密室”里发现了隐藏的“炸弹”的有关事实。唯色发现,为了建筑新居,仁波切和那个地区很多其他建房子的人一样,用炸药来平整山沟里的一块土地。一些没用完的炸药雷管被储存在“山坡和房屋的护墙板之间的一块地方”。这些就是警察发现的东西,并导致仁波切被判处死刑,后改为终身监禁。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这一年,丹增德勒仁波切从他被关押的中国传出话说,“有些人说如果再提起我的案子,会让我的处境更糟糕。就此而言,我已经坠入谷底。事情也不可能更糟了。所以,你们可以为我上诉和发起声援活动。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">唯色和王力雄还写到有关一些驻扎在寺院“冒牌喇嘛”和“朱古”,通过信口开河的算命和举行假冒的供养仪式,对那些毫无疑心的游客漫天要价。如果游客没有足够的现金,他们还会说,“没关系,我们可以接收信用卡。”干这些勾当的人是一些来自旅游公司的会说博语的汉人,他们同当地的宗教局勾结,颁发给他们许可证,从而可以在一些重要的寺院设立据点、开张营业。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">对于流亡博巴和国际社会而言,唯色和王力雄的文章或许是有关图伯特最为可靠的信息来源,他们的作品还能不断地通过很多渠道流传出来,诸如书籍、博客、新闻采访和社交媒体。而很多其他一些明确表达民族诉求的图伯特作家,比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Theurang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">、卓玛嘉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dolma Kyab</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和贡却才培(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Kunchok Tsephel</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),都因他们的写作而以不同的刑期被囚禁在中国的监狱里,有些人的刑期长达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">尽管唯色和王力雄每天都要面对威胁、骚扰、软禁和跟踪,但他们迄今还能免于身陷囹圄。他们面临的危险是何其真切,正如他们的朋友和诺贝尔和平奖获得者刘晓波因起草《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">08</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">宪章》而被判处入狱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年,他们(监狱外)的日子也或许朝不保夕。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">但是此时此刻,面对中共统治下的当今图伯特和中国,他们还必须承担见证者和记录者的责任。唯色写道,“对于无权者而言,笔可以被当做一种武器——一种由图伯特的信仰、传统和文化所磨砺出的武器,”而且“面对图伯特所遭受的灾难和以身浴火的博巴们的渴望,我将以加倍的努力去反抗压迫,我绝不退让,绝不妥协。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">中共早就应该聆听这对勇敢的夫妇发出的声音,并且认识到他们清晰无误的声音承载了高原上每个人的心愿——这些人的声音被扼杀,他们对自由的渴望遭到子弹和装甲车打压。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">对于任何同时对图伯特与中国的关系,以及世界其他地方争取自由的斗争感到有兴趣的读者而言,《来自图伯特的声音》是一本深刻敏锐,需要先睹为快的作品。如果说还有一些关于压迫的记录可以突破国家操纵的集体失忆,此书就是这样的作品。</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-88313551278823418002013-12-16T22:42:00.000-05:002013-12-16T22:42:18.149-05:00嘉央诺布:《那一天,我见到了曼德拉》<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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DAY I SAW MANDELA</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang
Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang
Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/1990-06-23mandela-253946-12561-465x302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/1990-06-23mandela-253946-12561-465x302.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">从罗本岛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Robben
Island</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)获释仅仅四个月之后,纳尔逊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">曼德拉来到波士顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">以此作为他美国九城之旅的第一站。他或许是在用他自己的方式感谢波士顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">美国反对种族隔离第一城。波士顿以及她所在的马萨诸塞州曾经在早先不顾美国当时的政治主流,起而反对种族隔离。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我那时正在波士顿进行由我的朋友和学者华伦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">史密斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Warren Smith</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,著有《图伯特民族》和其他一些有关图伯特的专著)组织的巡回演讲,波士顿恰是巡回演讲的最后一站。就在一年以前,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1989</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月,天安门大屠杀震惊了世界,华伦觉得这是一个就图伯特问题教育美国公众的良机。尽管当时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特运动</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">正处其受关注度、实力和影响的巅峰时期,但是由于达赖喇嘛尊者的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">斯特拉斯堡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">讲话,这场运动已经变得有些底气不足。尽管如此,当我和拉藏次仁坐着华伦破旧的克莱斯勒旅行车进入他们的城镇或大学时,我们还是受到为数不多的北美博巴社区的人们和一些外国朋友的欢迎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">不过,还是言归正传。曼德拉在波士顿河边的艺术中心(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">the
Esplanade</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)发表演讲,据说有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">万听众到场。爱德华</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">肯尼迪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)、州长威廉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">威尔德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Weld">William Weld</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)和其他一些波士顿名流在讲台上列坐。说来奇怪,我已经记不起曼德拉说过什么,但是我清楚地记得他富有感染力的笑容、与众不同的音色和抑扬顿挫的口音。当然让我最难忘怀的是现场听众们的那种非同一般的,甚至是感人至深的集体情绪,那天我们在人群中被这种情绪深深地感染。我当时就在想,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">如果图伯特赢得独立,如果尊者回到祖国,就应该是这样的场面,就应该是这样的感觉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我曾经在几次公开演讲中提到过这个难忘的经历,至少还没有人嘲笑我的想法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/esplanade_41-5713075-1258-465x305.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/esplanade_41-5713075-1258-465x305.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我知道绝大多数博巴现在都无法确切地感知当时的那种愉悦。但是他们应该记得,当时的西方主要国家的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尤其在冷战时期</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">对反种族隔离事业的不支持,使得曼德拉和他在非国大的同仁们该是如何地沮丧压抑。罗纳德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">里根和玛格丽特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">撒切尔还认为,对白人种族隔离政权的经济制裁只会伤害到贫困南非黑人的经济利益。曼德拉本人还被谴责为共产主义分子和恐怖分子。迪克切尼(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dick
Cheney</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)至今还坚持认为曼德拉是恐怖分子。尽管反种族隔离事业在世界各地有众多的支持者,但是转变西方世界(和日本)的公众舆论还是花费了很长时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这些国家和南非做生意,并且把南非看做防止共产主义在非洲渗透的壁垒。在身陷囹圄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">27</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年之后,终于实现了转变</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">这一转变在很大程度上可以认为是由于曼德拉个人的勇气和毫不妥协地坚持,迫使南非政府还他以自由,最终废除了种族隔离制度并且举行了多种族选举。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">先前的一篇文章</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中,我曾经解读图伯特自焚者所呼喊的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">达赖喇嘛回归图伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,认为这个口号在其象征意义上正如同南非反种族隔离游行中的口号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">释放纳尔逊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">曼德拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。这两个口号当然都是象征性政治语言运用的典范。很显然,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">非国大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">里没有人会说,只要释放了曼德拉,南非的问题便迎刃而解了。而图伯特的示威口号也同样其实是在要求结束中国的统治和要求图伯特的主权领袖回到他独立的祖国。而图伯特流亡世界的那些溜须拍马的政客们试图将此事完全归结于达赖喇嘛个人,尽管很多自焚者都在呼吁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">达赖喇嘛回归图伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的同时,直截了当地提出了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">让赞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">流亡的君主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">或是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">被囚的君主</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">是一个民族或国家</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span lang="EN-US">“</span></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">失去的自由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的强有力典型象征。被囚禁在奥地利的理查一世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Richard I</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在英国的通俗历史中代表了(多少有点不太准确)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">总有一天会回归祖国、拨乱反正的好国王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。苏格兰的雅格派(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jacobites</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)有他们在沃尔特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">斯科特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Walter
Scott</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的历史小说中被传奇化的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">隔水相望的国王</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(詹姆斯二世)。在奇幻小说中,我们可以看到《王者归来》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The
Return of the King</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">托尔金(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">J.R.R. Tolkien</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)伟大的奇幻三部曲《指环王》的终结篇,其中被流放的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">艾希铎(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Isuldur</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的后裔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">阿拉贡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aragon</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)重新登上王位并解放了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中土世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的人民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">释放纳尔逊曼德拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的讯息在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">80</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年代,不仅仅通过抗议者的呼喊和标语牌,而且也通过非洲歌手和歌曲作者的歌曲,有效地在全世界传播,其中包括约翰尼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">克雷格(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Johnny Clegg</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)、休</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">麦赛克勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hugh
Masekela</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)、布兰达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">法赛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brenda Fassie</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)和马耶克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">法谢克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Majek
Fashek</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)等人。英国音乐家杰瑞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">丹马斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jerry Dammers</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1984</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年创作了《释放纳尔逊曼德拉》,并由他的乐队</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">特别之队</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
The Specials</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)进行演唱。这首歌曲荣登英国音乐排行榜前十名,而且风靡非洲。艾米</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">怀恩豪斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Amy Winehouse</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在曼德拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">90</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">寿辰庆典上也演唱了这首歌曲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">有一天在车里收听</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NPR</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的节目,我听到了这首熟悉的旋律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">送他回家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bring
Him Back Home</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),演奏者是南非爵士号手、作曲家和歌手休</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">麦赛克勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hugh Masekela</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。在我看来,这首歌也呼应着来自图伯特的恳求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">让达赖喇嘛回归故里。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">把纳尔逊</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">曼德拉送回来,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">送他回家,回到索维托,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">南非的街道上</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">就在明天。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正仿宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-32031874482027752222013-11-20T01:55:00.000-05:002013-11-20T19:11:26.724-05:00莫拉•莫伊尼汉:《西班牙法院的种族灭绝判决: ——说得清博巴的苦,解不了博巴的困》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh31MmgMqlhnxKW8N3_FBjUK9SL-RVU-MzsFCW54gbo1daAO1jMJhXnYHXzpR7HWzf5CdhgWoqVsUXrSanp_F6iHgMGRhNUcPULLjcuLwH7NTUK0KkQvLoOfi4eixXPGdi9kFUO1UR6Tbk/s1600/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh31MmgMqlhnxKW8N3_FBjUK9SL-RVU-MzsFCW54gbo1daAO1jMJhXnYHXzpR7HWzf5CdhgWoqVsUXrSanp_F6iHgMGRhNUcPULLjcuLwH7NTUK0KkQvLoOfi4eixXPGdi9kFUO1UR6Tbk/s640/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="line-height: 29.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Genocide Ruling
Vindicates Tibet’s Suffering, Offers No Relief</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">By <a href="http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/author/maura-moynihan/"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #26169b; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Maura Moynihan</span></a> | October 16, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">作者:莫拉</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">莫伊尼汉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/author/maura-moynihan/">Maura Moynihan</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">翻译:更桑东智(<span lang="EN-US">Kalsang
Dhondup</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文发表时间:<span lang="EN-US">2013</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">16</span>日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">9</span>日,西班牙最高刑事法院以在图伯特地区犯有种族灭绝罪行,对中国前最高领导人胡锦涛进行裁决。这项裁决宣告了在<span lang="EN-US">2005</span>年申请立案的图伯特原告方赢得了诉讼。原告团队中有些人曾经在中国人的监狱中遭受若干年的囚禁和酷刑,而“罪名”只是他们拒绝背弃自己的佛教信仰。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这并非是中国第一次被认为在图伯特地区犯有种族灭绝罪行。<span lang="EN-US">1959</span>年那场失败的起义之后,达赖喇嘛和成千上万的图伯特难民流亡印度、尼泊尔和不丹,当时印度著名法学家、甘地主义自由战士和律师<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK1"><span lang="EN-US">Purushottam Trikomdas</span></a>,前往设于日内瓦的“国际法律专家委员会”(<span lang="EN-US"> International Commission of Jurists</span>)证明和陈述中国对图伯特民众犯下的种族灭绝罪行:在毛泽东的统治下,图伯特地区有超过百万人死于武装冲突、囚禁和饥荒。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这个委员会的报告称,“证据显示(中国在进行)系统性的策划以根除图伯特独特的民族、文化和宗教生活。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">胡锦涛在升迁至政治局首脑之前曾经担任“西藏自治区”党委书记,其间他对图伯特民众继续执行毛泽东时代的“严厉打击”政策,加强对图伯特佛教的打压。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在<span lang="EN-US">2008</span>年<span lang="EN-US">3</span>月图伯特起义期间,胡锦涛担任中华人民共和国主席,当时距离中国举办夏季奥运会只有四个月的时间。在奥运会结束之后,他对图伯特地区实施了残酷报复。被偷偷带出图伯特地区的照片和军方影像资料向人们展示了当时挨家挨户的搜捕、殴打、行刑队和乱葬坑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">政治宣传<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尽管西班牙法院在上周做出了裁决,但是中华人民共和国的盟友和辩护士们依然可能继续听信中国政府版的图伯特故事。中国的政治宣传一直相当有效。多年以来,西方各个大学的汉学家们都在对学生们讲授,图伯特过去的社会组织形态是
“落后的农奴制”,只有在中国“和平解放西藏”之后,现在才享有新型的和曾经求之不得的繁荣昌盛。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">中共的官员们一直以来将达赖喇嘛这位杰出的诺贝尔和平奖得主,说成是一个“人面兽心的凶手”、“反革命匪徒”和“口蜜腹剑的刽子手”。虽然这种弱智的斯大林主义式的宣传是荒唐可笑的,但是它却让达赖喇嘛再三提出的与北京方面谈判的努力变得前景黯淡。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">达赖喇嘛在两个方面,对胡锦涛和现任政府首脑习近平这样的中国领导人构成威胁:他是图伯特民族的化身;他是图伯特佛教信仰的活着的象征。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“需要根除的病症”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">审视中国在图伯特的作为便可揭露出它对佛教实行的强硬政策。千年以来,图伯特的寺院在游牧文化中一直担负着地方教育、艺术和商业中心的职能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在达赖喇嘛<span lang="EN-US">1959</span>年逃往印度之后,毛泽东的追随者们劫掠并摧毁了超过<span lang="EN-US">6000</span>座图伯特寺院。众多僧尼遭受公开的酷刑,甚至因“成分不好”而被迫害至死。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">1966</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年至<span lang="EN-US">1977</span>年之间进行的“文化大革命”在图伯特地区尤为残酷。所有各种形式的宗教和民间文化,从舞蹈到烧香,都被禁绝。图伯特男女都爱留的长发被贴上“肮脏的农奴制的黑尾巴”的标签。而这些故事在时隔<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年之后才为国际媒体所知。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">毛的“破四旧”是共产主义变态症的巅峰。“红卫兵”们焚毁寺庙、书籍和艺术品,并且屠杀学者、僧侣和艺术家——所有的这一切都是在破除“旧思想”的名义之下进行的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">当东南亚国家在<span lang="EN-US">1990</span>年代逐渐走出极权主义的束缚之后,佛教重新出现,僧团组织迅速得以重建。但是图伯特是一个在中共奴役之下的被占领的国家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">毛式狂热在图伯特要比在中国内地来得更加突出。共产党人们说,图伯特独立将会“分裂祖国”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">苏联的崩溃已经使得马克思主义理论的一个基本教义土崩瓦解——社会主义将克服阶级和民族的社会区别。中共的国旗也宣称(中国是)一个多民族国家:中间的一颗大星星代表汉族,而周围的小星星则代表“蒙、满、维、藏”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在毛泽东的社会和经济实验中,中国<span lang="EN-US">6000</span>万“少数民族”被强制性转变为“又红又专”的中国“公民”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">博巴和其他“少数民族”因表达自己的民族和文化特性而遭受惩罚。在<span lang="EN-US">1995</span>年实施的“严打”运动,对图伯特的僧侣们进行了极端严酷的惩罚。当时正逢克林顿政府决定将贸易同人权问题相分割之后不久。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">指望习近平带来一些真正有意义的改革只不过是一厢情愿的妄想,因为中国共产党是这个国家官僚体制的组织原则。在上台后的第一年里,习近平在图伯特地区加强了毛泽东式的“再教育”和“思想改造”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在强制性的“爱国主义再教育”过程中,那些拒绝谴责达赖喇嘛的博巴们会受到尤其严厉的惩处。<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年以来,中共禁止悬挂达赖喇嘛的各种照片和图像,称之为“非法印刷品”,而且佛教还被官方称为“需要根除的病症”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">灾难的描述<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">20</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">世纪对于佛教而言是一场巨大的灾难,然而几乎没有学者去研究佛教与现代性之间的这场灾难性遭遇。<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪的各个极权政府毁灭了上百万个佛教团体。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">因此,该如何来描述佛教在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪的悲剧呢?《牛津英语词典》(<i><span lang="EN-US">The Oxford English Dictionary</span></i>)这样给“<i><span lang="EN-US">genocide</span></i>”(种族灭绝)下定义:“该词源自希腊语<i>‘<span lang="EN-US">genos</span>’</i>,即种族和<i>‘<span lang="EN-US">cide</span>’</i>,即蓄意杀害大批民众,尤其是那些属于某个特殊族裔或民族的人。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“征服”是否更为准确?“征服”一词被定义为“使用武装力量对一个地区或民族进行镇压并获得控制权。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">总之,当图伯特遭受中共的入侵并被封闭在“竹幕”之后的时候,国际社会没有任何作为。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">印度律师<span lang="EN-US">J.S.
Verma</span>后来写道:“当中国在<span lang="EN-US">1951</span>年入侵时,如果国际社会及时采取行动,图伯特肯定是能得以保全的……中国当时正在从灾难性的内战中逐渐恢复,没有足够的资源去应付两场冲突:东面的朝鲜和西面的图伯特……印度为这个错误付出了代价——中国在<span lang="EN-US">1959</span>年全面掌控图伯特之后,在<span lang="EN-US">1962</span>年入侵了印度。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在以第一人称写成的有关中国如何占领他的祖国的记述中,达赖喇嘛回顾了他<span lang="EN-US">1955</span>年的北京之旅。在国宴上,毛泽东对达赖喇嘛说:<b><i>“你明白,宗教是毒药。它有两个大缺陷:首先它削弱了种族,其次它阻碍了社会进步。图伯特和蒙古都是受了宗教的毒害。”</i></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">达赖喇嘛低下头,浑身发抖——<b><i>“说到底你还是佛法的敌人。”</i></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><b><i>延伸阅读:</i></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.voachinese.com/content/china-tibet-spain-20131119/1793664.html">西班牙法庭因藏人案件寻求逮捕江泽民</a></h1>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-73783694251675100102013-11-05T23:57:00.000-05:002013-11-06T00:05:18.200-05:00嘉央诺布:《图伯特民主:一个让人扼腕唏嘘的玩笑》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS-jnLyzKV-9VqiFsGl7bLDMq-h2M4h-9pmeIh67fEf70nYbiFDGM6bF9j-i1y-Y18AH7DtINzohKGOsw4p2smEiiE_PCngiPbpEOKr7_MuI32AdwBhb7Kjoo4_9iZm_5crgnON02wZhU/s1600/%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS-jnLyzKV-9VqiFsGl7bLDMq-h2M4h-9pmeIh67fEf70nYbiFDGM6bF9j-i1y-Y18AH7DtINzohKGOsw4p2smEiiE_PCngiPbpEOKr7_MuI32AdwBhb7Kjoo4_9iZm_5crgnON02wZhU/s1600/%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB.jpg" height="188" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE
SAD PAINFUL JOKE OF TIBETAN DEMOCRACY</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/photo_1375411421070-1-HD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/photo_1375411421070-1-HD.jpg" height="356" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">不丹新任总理伦钦</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">泽仁多杰(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Lonchen Tshering Tobgay</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">步入就职典礼会场。廷布,</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">7</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">27</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">日。(法新社)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">当不丹王国在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年开始其民主实验时,说实话我是带有一些怀疑态度的。我以为这个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">龙的王国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">将会步尼泊尔(由马亨德拉国王在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1962</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年开创的)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">潘查雅特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span lang="EN-US">Panchayat</span></span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)民主之后尘。在尼泊尔这个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">受指导的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">无政党民主体制下,民众可以推选代表组成了一个驯服的议会,而实际权力依然牢牢地掌握在国王手中。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">但后来让我吃惊的是,不丹王室采取了坚决的步骤,允许甚至坚持成立真正的政党。为了让不丹民众走出传统的封建心态,深受拥戴的国王决定退位并任命他年轻的儿子成为一位低姿态的立宪君主。从那以后不久,不丹各地涌现出若干独立政党,但是通过整合和淘汰,最终有两个政党参加竞选:人民民主党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PDP</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)与不丹和平繁荣党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DPT</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。后者以压倒性优势赢得了选举,尽管有些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">分析人士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">认为该党的胜利是由于它在两党中更倾向于君主制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">但是两个月以前,在不丹的第二次全国选举中,弱势的在野党人民民主党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PDP</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)一举获得政权,赢得了议会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">47</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">个议席中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">32</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">席。投票人数骄人地占全国人口的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">80%</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。不丹已经向世人证明了它是一个真正的民主国家,同时也是一个令人振奋富有活力的民主国家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">PDP</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">不仅击败了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">保皇派</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">不丹和平繁荣党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DPT</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),而且还抛弃了不丹官方的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">全国幸福指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">GNH</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)理论。在早先,像这样抛弃由国王晋美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">·</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">森格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">·</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">旺秀(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jigme Singe Wangchuk</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1972</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年倡导的不丹核心国家政策,肯定会被当做是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">大不敬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
lèse majesté</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),甚或是亵渎神明的行为。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/01/bhutan-new-prime-minister-is-happiness-sceptic/#ixzz2d5Xoxpyf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">法新社的一次采访</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">中,新任总理伦钦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">泽仁多杰(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lonchen*
Tshering Tobgay</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)表达了自己对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">全国幸福指数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">GNH</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的不同看法:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我怀疑有些人是如何过度地使用了这个概念,同时却没有对亟待解决的问题予以足够重视。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">在竞选期间,泽仁多吉经常是徒步走村串户,关注那些他认为是不丹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">亟待解决的问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:经常性失业、贫困、腐败以及民众对政治家们的疏离感。伦钦最近在纽约参加了一个联合国会议,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/05/world/asia/index-of-happiness-bhutans-new-leader-prefers-more-concrete-goals.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">《纽约时报》</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的一次长篇访谈中,他重申了他的批评意见。回到不丹之后,生活一如既往。天没塌,地没裂,王国没有被吞噬。王室家族继续保持着他们体面的沉默。而事实上,有人告诉我,不丹王室成员甚至都没有参加投票选举,因为把选票投给任何一方,都会显示出王室对某一政党的支持从而影响选举的公正性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd;">
<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">老一辈博巴对不丹人有这样一种令人遗憾和绝对毫无根据的偏见,他们瞧不上不丹人,认为不丹人有点原始和不通世故(好在年轻一代的博巴似乎没有这样的偏见)。如果没有什么其他东西可以拿来比较和评测谁是开明的民主主义者、谁是迷信的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">蛮夷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">lalo</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),那么比较一些我们这两个政治制度的相关进程或许是最恰当的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月在达兰萨拉,就在庆祝完</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特民主日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">之后不久,流亡议会对那些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">伤害了达赖喇嘛尊者感情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的人,发动了堪称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">文革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">式的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">批斗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
thamzing</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。这场运动起始于对议员噶玛群培(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karma
Chophel</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的谴责,莫名其妙地指控他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">妄自猜测达赖喇嘛在写作《真言祷文》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/words-of-truth">Words of Truth Prayer</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)时,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">内心想着的是独立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(在《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/editorials/tibetandemocracytakesastepbackwards"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特政治评论</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">》网站可以看到有关的详细报道。)这种荒谬的指控让人不禁想起中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">文革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">时期的一个故事</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">当时,一位老实本分的农民怀疑(或许声音有点太大了)把《毛主席语录》插在地里促进庄稼生长或许不是一个有效的农业技术。这位农民遭到批判、斗争和殴打</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">最后可能被整死。</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">图伯特流亡议会议长</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">边巴次仁(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Penpa Tsering</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">在议长边巴次仁的率领下,我们的议员们开始向那些坦率表示(言辞或许激烈,但绝无不恭)不赞同达赖喇嘛的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">政策而是要求独立的博巴们(包括我自己),展开激烈批判。我们的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">积极分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
hur-tsunpa</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)议员们要求,这些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">坏分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">不仅要受到揭发,而且要把他们赶出流亡社会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">尽管流亡议会实际上没有任何合法权力做任何此类事情。当然,他们秘而不宣的真实意图在于煽动那些更加狂热和无知的流亡社会普通民众自行其是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">这种煽动在过去曾经导致若干起暴民对著名批评人士的攻击和公开侮辱。甚至有一位批评人士遭到谋杀。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">或许是为了争取印度民众对他的运动的支持,边巴次仁议长接受了《印度斯坦时报》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand/low-morale-of-tibetans-has-dalai-lama-worried/article1-1129323.aspx">the
Hindustan Times</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的一个简短采访,在采访中他引述尊者的话说,尊者本来打算活到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">113</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">岁,但是由于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">一位图伯特青年大会的官员、一位自由亚洲电台的职员以及一位图伯特作家所表达的不满</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">尊者已经决定只活到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">108</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">岁。这个采访非但没有引起印度民众的同情,反而成为了大家的笑柄。来自印度读者的评论异口同声地表示了鄙视。一位名叫库尔希德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">阿拉姆(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kurshid Alam</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的读者写道,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特流亡政治家们,你们干的好!你们终于把整个图伯特运动变成了笑话。继续干下去!继续把你们的政治和古老的宗教混为一谈,你们的民众只能回到家中垂死挣扎。你们失去一个坚定的支持者!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">即便我们尊敬的议长先生真的是打算破坏在印度的图伯特问题,他也不可能做的比这次采访更出色了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">代表北美地区的图伯特议员诺布次仁</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">议长允许议员们不限时发言,每人都试图用比别人更为凶猛的方式进行批判。代表北美地区的议员诺布次仁言辞尤为偏激,他声称,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">我们必须把这些人赶出去,就好比要趁蛀牙还没有开始疼之前就将它们拔掉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">多数议员们基本上只是老调重弹,但也有些人力图别出新意,他们抨击《图伯特政治评论》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/editorials/responsetochituejamyangsoepa">Tibetan
Political Review</a></span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)的编辑,这是图伯特社会硕果仅存的一份严肃政治刊物,甚至还谴责电影人丹增索朗(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tenzin
Sonam</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)制作的纪录片《乌云背后的太阳》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcVg6zsuc8k">Sun Behind the Clouds</a></span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">),而这部影片在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年获得了捷克前总统哈维尔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Havel</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)亲自颁发的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">瓦茨拉夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">哈维尔和平奖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">
Vaclav Havel Freedom Award</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/8204740299_9e48bb635e_z-300x287.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/8204740299_9e48bb635e_z-300x287.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">代表卫藏地区的图伯特议员<br />萨琳</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">丹增达珍<br />(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sharling Tenzin Dhardon</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">然而,正当议会打压图伯特社会言论与思想自由的举动似乎已经势不可挡的时候,却发生了一些相当意想不到的事情。一位年轻的议员达珍萨琳(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dhardon
Sharling</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">),从她的座位上站起来平静地说,议会的每一个人都应该为没有尽自己所能去理解尊者的意愿而拷问自己的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">良心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">(当时她用了英文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“conscience”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">),不应该对那些(表达自己观点的)博巴横加指责。达珍啦的发言可以在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://youtu.be/EpKtiwAPEWE"> youtube</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">看到。另一位没能参加这次议会会议的议员琼扎科仁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Chungdak Koren</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">),委托她的同事向议会宣读了她对议会提出的问题和观点。琼扎啦还将这些内容贴在了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://chungdak.wordpress.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">她自己<span lang="EN-US">的<span lang="EN-US">博客</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">上。以下是一段摘录:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">不应该排斥那些批评者,我们应该包容他们并欢迎他们发表和交流自己的观点。这些人或许会提出建设性的建议,而他们提供的观点也可能拥有巨大的价值。当面对批评的时候,我们必须永远保持开放的思想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">我听说,还有其他一些议员没有参加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">批斗会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">。</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Gangkyi-protest-225x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Gangkyi-protest-225x300.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">与以往不同,那时政要们能纠集大批暴民甚或是暴徒和狂热分子殴打和恐吓批评人士。而这次,议会仅能召集为数不多的应雇而来的老阿爸和老阿妈,举着一模一样的标语绕着岗坚吉松(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gangchen
Kyishong</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)蹒跚而行,那些标语几乎可以肯定是出自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">办公室的宽幅打印机。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">甚至那些试图在世界各地的图伯特社区推行批判运动的努力,也似乎没有受到什么成效。我听说在瑞士召开了一次社区会议批判那些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">伤害了衮顿感情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的人,但除此之外再没有任何类似集会的报道。在纽约,有人试图阻止我在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日对图伯特公众的一次公开演讲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/09/27/the-rangzen-imperative/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin;"><span lang="EN-US">让赞,势在必行</span></span></a>”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),这次演讲是图伯特国民大会(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TNC</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)为我安排的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">夏尔巴人联合会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——TNC</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">为演讲租用了他们的会议厅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的经理,接到了匿名电话,声称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TNC</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">和我都是反对达赖喇嘛的。还有一通电话指责夏尔巴人联合会将会议厅租借给雄天(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shugden</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)崇拜者。还有人威胁要举行公众示威和阻挠演讲,但实际上在演讲的那天上午并没有出现抗议行为。会议厅里座无虚席。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TNC</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的志愿者们还在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://new.livestream.com/Rangzen/Imperative">Livestream</a> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">网站对讲演进行了现场直播,迄今已经有来自世界各地,甚至包括图伯特境内和中国的观众超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16,500</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">人次观看了视频。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特媒体通常总是畏首畏尾、自我审查,但是这次出现了一个值得欢迎的例外,流亡议会的作为受到了一家当地博文(即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">藏文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)报纸《图伯特快报》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bod
Kyi Bangchen</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的严厉谴责。这篇由副总编卓尼沃色(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Choenyi
Woser</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)撰写的评论文章还被翻译为英语,并发表在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <a href="http://www.tibetsun.com/opinions/2013/09/27/independence-no-ear-wants-to-hear">Tibet
Sun</a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">网站上。卓尼沃色啦还是第一个把流亡议会的奇谈怪论同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">文革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">相比较的人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">另一篇英语文章《我对着图伯特旗帜庄严发誓》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.rangzen.net/2013/10/09/i-solemnly-swear-by-the-flag-of-tibet/">I
Solemnly Swear by the Flag of Tibet</a> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),作者是登巴噶西(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tenpa
Gashi</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。该文不仅以辛辣入骨的机智和讽刺嘲笑了议会大员们的奇谈怪论,而且针对这个问题提出了一个深思熟虑的解决方案。登巴啦是已故噶西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">次仁多吉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gashi Tsering Dorje</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)啦的儿子,他是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">70</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">80</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年代著名的政治评论家,也是我的朋友。在那些日子里,他和我都撰文揭露邓小平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">自由化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">政策的局限性和达兰萨拉方面希望同北京进行谈判的天真幼稚。相比我在《图伯特评论》上发表的文章,次仁多吉啦的文章对图伯特公众的思想产生了更大的影响,因为他是用博文写作而且对中共及其口是心非、残酷无情的历史有着深刻的理解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">因而,尽管我们流亡议会议员们竭力效仿北韩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">最高人民议会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">议员们的阿谀奉承,但是我们也已经看到了令人称道的新进展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">图伯特的新闻记者、博客作者、让赞活动人士,甚至一些议员和越来越多有怀疑精神和关心时事的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">老百姓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
mimang</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),都在公开对那些声称代表他们的人提出自己严厉的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">所以,尽管图伯特民主体制当前确实堪称岌岌可危,但还不至于说是一无所剩。不过,我们的政治是如何从一开始慢慢堕落到如此拆烂污的恶心境地的呢?我不打算在此详细探讨我们的所谓民主体制的历史。关于这个话题,我已经写作了若干文章,如果有读者希望对此有全面了解可以查看我博客上的分为三个部分的文章《等待民主》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2009/09/09/waiting-for-mangtso/">(WFM I</a>, <a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2009/10/08/waiting-for-mangtso-ii/">WFM
II</a> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2010/03/22/waiting-for-mangtso-iii/">WFM
III </a></span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">我将在下一篇文章中揭示一些更为直接的原因,来说明为何出现今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月在达兰萨拉的小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">文革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,以及更早些时候对图伯特青年大会和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">九十三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Gu-Chu-Sum</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)前政治犯协会的破坏与削弱。我相信这些事件有其内在的联系,而且隐藏着一个削弱甚至是终止图伯特斗争的阴谋。我还将向大家说明一个简单的行动步骤,所有的博巴们都能以此来拯救我们的民主体制,并且可以使得流亡议会和行政当局对流亡公众负责,同时还要让他们切实关注在图伯特境内为了结束中国的统治而斗争的人们。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">_____<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">* “</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">伦钦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Lonchen</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)是图伯特对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">总理大臣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">首相</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">的传统称谓。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">司伦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
Si-lon</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)是从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1926</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年朗顿</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">贡嘎旺秋(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Langdun
Kunga Wangchuk</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)担任总理大臣时开始使用。桑东仁波切开启了图伯特总理们为自己创造更加浮夸头衔的先河,诸如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">噶伦赤巴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
kalon-tripa</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">司政</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
sikyong</span></i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2013</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日,译于</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BLOOMINGTON,
INDIANA<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-60900417671853449762013-10-30T20:44:00.003-04:002013-10-30T20:44:53.834-04:00达赖喇嘛尊者在墨西哥城探讨世俗伦理并继续讲授《入菩萨行论》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">Talking about Secular Ethics and Continuing </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">the Guide to the
Bodhisattva</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">’<span lang="EN-US">s Way of Life</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">时间:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">日,墨西哥城</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(<span lang="EN-US">Kalsang Dhondup</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文网址:<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1012-talking-about-secular-ethics-and-continuing-the-guide-to-the-bodhisattvas-way-of-life">http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1012-talking-about-secular-ethics-and-continuing-the-guide-to-the-bodhisattvas-way-of-life</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者在今天早晨刚一抵达墨西哥城体育馆,便接见了两个当地佛教团体的代表。他热情地向他们解释,举行法事仪式或念诵祷文固然重要,但总有一定的局限。在二十一世纪,更为重要的是了解佛教到底在讲什么,这需要学习研究。尊者还说,现在科学家和其他人对佛教产生了比以往更大的兴趣,是因为佛教可以告诉他们关于心灵的知识。我们目前正在从事一项编辑《甘珠尔》(<span lang="EN-US">Kangyur</span>)和《丹珠尔》(<span lang="EN-US">Tengyur</span>)的工作,从中整理出有关佛教的科学、哲学和宗教方面的材料,从而更加便于以学术方法进行研究。尊者鼓励各佛教中心能承担起相同的职责。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">面对大约<span lang="EN-US">15,000</span>名听众,尊者开始讲演。他说:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“兄弟姐妹们,我非常高兴来到这里,也非常高兴看到这么多听众。我想利用这个机会感谢参与筹备这次活动的每一个人。我还要感谢我的老朋友李察基尔,我刚才听到他向各位讲解如何修习‘施受’(<span lang="EN-US"> giving and taking</span>)。所以今天,他是精神导师,我就讲一讲世俗伦理。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“每次和像你们一样的听众齐聚一堂,我都认为自己只不过是一介凡夫,是地球上<span lang="EN-US">70</span>亿人口中的一员而已。无论是精神、身体还是情感,我们都是一样的。我们都有可能从善或者作恶,都有可能让令人烦恼的情绪所掌控,诸如愤怒、恐惧、仇恨、猜疑和贪婪等等。这些情绪会成为各种麻烦的缘由。从另外一面讲,如果你培养爱心、慈悲并且关怀他人,愤怒、仇恨和嫉妒便没有容身之地。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">尊者还指出,如若不然而是关注那些与别人不同的地方,诸如他是藏人、和尚,是<span lang="EN-US">14</span>世达赖喇嘛尊者,就会导致他孤立于他人并同他人产生距离。这样做毫无益处,只可能导致与他人关系紧张。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者说,“每人都想过上一个幸福的生活,没人希望遇到麻烦。并且每个人都有过上幸福生活的权利。在当今现代社会,我们总是试图以物质的东西为基础来寻求幸福。但如果这样的方法是正确的,那么我的那些有钱的朋友们都应该很幸福,而事实上他们有很多人并不幸福;(同样),那些不太富足的人就不会拥有他们的内在力量、自信和幸福。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者突然抬头看着体育馆,笑着说,这三层座位让他想起了“三界”,即无色界、色界和欲界。三界有情众生都希望过上幸福生活,他们也有这样的权利。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者说,我们所经历的痛苦和快乐都体现在身体和精神两个层面上。我们的感官,如观看、聆听或品尝美好的事物,能给我们带来暂时的快乐。而在精神层面上,我们无需感官经验便可获得持久的快乐。通过虔诚的信仰和爱与慈悲的实践而获得的内心宁静就是例证。同时,精神上的满足可以减轻肉体上的痛苦,但是身体上的舒适无法缓解精神上的焦虑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在过去的欧洲,维护道德价值是教会的领地,随着教会影响力的下降,教育机构应当承担起这个责任。我们需要我们的教育系统扩大它的职责范围,在传授提高智力的知识之外,还要鼓励培养急公好义之心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我们正面临一个全球性的危机。我们该如何应付这一危机?通过教育。正如我们关注让肌体保持良好的状态,我们现在也需要接受精神和情绪健康的概念。这是世俗伦理的核心。提升人类价值观念和世俗伦理唯一有效的方法就是通过教育,我们必须想方设法将它们纳入我们的教育系统,从幼儿园直到大学,按部就班地训练年轻人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我们每人都有在我们的生命中展现人类价值的潜力。我们可以培养自己的急公好义之心,并将其传递给我们的孩子,在我们家庭内部培育这种观念。我们还可以把这种观念扩展到左邻右舍的其他家庭,让这种观念像湖中的波纹传播出去。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“如果你对此毫无兴趣,请忘了它。但如果确实有兴趣,就请好好想一想,和你的朋友们谈一谈并和他人分享这些话。谢谢大家。我的讲话到此结束,现在请提问。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">对于一个有关如何平息社会暴力的问题,尊者回答说,那些在童年时期缺乏关爱的人经常在成年后依然感觉不安全和恐惧。急公好义的精神是得到和平与幸福生活的关键因素。当有人问到如何克服犯罪时,尊者说,佛教徒相信无论犯下了多么严重的过失,总是有办法去净化自己、弥补过失;总有寻求改变的可能途经。另外一位提问者希望知道如何控制愤怒。尊者建议,有时释放你的愤怒是一个更好的选择,但是要像孩子那样。疾风暴雨来,烟消云散走。有些成年人试图将他们的愤怒郁积于内心,而装出一副笑脸,不过是等待适当的时机去发些愤怒。这是不对的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">最后一位提问者问到这个世界是否还有希望,尊者的回答是肯定的。尊者回想起<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>年与英国王太后的会面,她几乎和整个<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪一样年长。有人问她,在她的有生之年事情是变得更好还是更糟了。她毫不迟疑地宣布,是更好了;在她年轻的时候,没有人谈论人权或是自决权这些现在已经被广泛接受的理念。同样,在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪早期,没有人想到过现在变成重要议题的生态问题、贫富悬殊问题和自然资源利用问题。当我们每个人都想拥有一辆汽车的时候,我们才意识到我们的经济体系是不可持续的。听众们以掌声回应了尊者的讲话。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">托尼</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">卡拉姆(<span lang="EN-US">Tony Karam</span>)对尊者再次来到墨西哥并对听众发表慷慨讲演表示感谢。他不揣冒昧地问尊者是否会再次莅临,尊者回应道:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“你对我展示的笑容与热情已经在正式邀请我再次来访。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在午餐休息期间,尊者接受了墨西哥最大报纸《改革报》(<span lang="EN-US">Reforma</span>)记者拉萨罗</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">里奥斯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">卡瓦佐斯(<span lang="EN-US">Lazaro
Rios Cavazos</span>)的采访。在采访中,他问道,自两年前的最后一次会谈过后,西藏方面与中国政府之间的关系是否有所改善。尊者对他说,到目前还没有什么改善,不过存在改善的可能,有迹象表明新的中国领导人采取的态度更加务实。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者在午后继续对寂天菩萨《入菩萨行论》的讲解,尊者认为在“性空”层面上有情众生与佛陀无所区别。就第四品,即“不放逸品”,尊者论述道,我们必须牢记人生的宝贵价值和死亡的必然性。我们知道我们必将死亡,但是我们不知道何时死去。我们所能确知的只是在那一刻能够给予我们帮助的,只有我们通过精神修行获得的力量。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在此种情况下,如愤怒和奢望这样的负面情绪,不会像外在敌人那样公开地打击我们,他们会在暗中欺骗和攻击。同样,普通的外在敌人或许会转变,有时甚至会变成朋友,而那些负面的情绪从来不会发生这样的转变。这种负面情绪才是我们真正的敌人。那么我们该如何对抗他们?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“当你对某人充满愤怒和仇恨的时候,从爱与慈悲的角度冥想会让你感到宽慰。但是最终要去除负面情绪还是要靠理解性空的智慧。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">第五品是关于心灵的守护,即“守护正知品”。我们被告诫守护自己的心灵要如同在人群中守护伤者。我们也被劝告要以笑脸迎人、舒展自己的眉头、和全世界做朋友。作为释家弟子应该广纳博采。如果善良的人可以如此作为,则没有任何事物可以伤害你。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">论及第六品,即“安忍品”,尊者讲到,我们需要思考如何培养忍耐。在这方面我们无法求诸佛陀,是普通人给我们提供了培养忍耐的机会,到最后我们应该感谢这些人。这个过程中的一个重要方面在于理解忍耐的益处和屈从于愤怒的危害。如果伤害他人是一个如此愚蠢的行为,那么迁怒于人就如同因燃烧而对火焰发怒一般地不合情理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">由于同自己对立的人有助于我们遵循菩提道,我们应该把他们看做在家中发现的财宝,而且得来全不费工夫。如果反对他们无助于我们自己,为何要给他们这份殊荣?做“以牙还牙”的事情连佛陀也帮不了我们,反而给对方增光添彩。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者的讲授截止到第六品的结尾。尊者将在明天完成寂天菩萨《入菩萨行论》的讲授。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-40879844419011114622013-10-15T23:12:00.000-04:002013-10-16T00:19:12.567-04:00达赖喇嘛尊者在墨西哥城讲授《入菩萨行论》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidX31CrCdSEZ6XC3xRJ3Mja1pCrN0SS6i5i53Pcj28nM2tYm3GxmQYYxynAhOvtT0qPcH6YFKL4govmi-VxijEoOOnR8j2HRZK_HCpGSob5tZk0QvPYtE4ke9sBn0oUl4kCTPS4753y_g/s1600/%E5%85%A5%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E8%A1%8C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidX31CrCdSEZ6XC3xRJ3Mja1pCrN0SS6i5i53Pcj28nM2tYm3GxmQYYxynAhOvtT0qPcH6YFKL4govmi-VxijEoOOnR8j2HRZK_HCpGSob5tZk0QvPYtE4ke9sBn0oUl4kCTPS4753y_g/s640/%E5%85%A5%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E8%A1%8C.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体;">Teaching '</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><span lang="EN-US">A Guide to the Bodhisattva'</span><span lang="EN-US">s Way of Life'</span></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">in Mexico City</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">时间:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14pt;">日,墨西哥城</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(<span lang="EN-US">Kalsang Dhondup</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文网址:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1011-teaching-a-guide-to-the-bodhisattvas-way-of-life-and-visit-to-the-universidad-pontificia-de-mexico-in-mexico-city">http://www.dalailama.com/news/post/1011-teaching-a-guide-to-the-bodhisattvas-way-of-life-and-visit-to-the-universidad-pontificia-de-mexico-in-mexico-city</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">今天早晨,穿越了墨西哥城漫长而繁忙的街道,尊者抵达墨西哥城体育馆。当尊者的车队到达体育馆附近时,数百名公众正在人行道上列队等候进入体育馆。很多民众向尊者挥手致意。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者下车后,受到了老朋友李察</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">基尔(<span lang="EN-US">Richard Gere</span>)的迎接,并一同走进后台。基尔首先向<span lang="EN-US">4000</span>多名听众介绍尊者,当尊者也走上讲台时,听众们报以热烈的欢迎,尊者向听众们合掌问候。尊者在数幅唐卡前的一张简单的扶手椅上坐下后,直接开始了演讲。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“兄弟姐妹们,我一直在强调人们最好能坚持自己生而与之的精神传统。不过,加强各宗教间的相互了解,将会有助于在<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪增进跨宗教的和谐共处。所有主要的宗教都同样致力于实践爱与慈悲。若想在这方面取得成功,你必须具备宽容、谅解、自律和知足等品德。而这些内容是各大宗教都在传授的,因此我们可以适当地相互借鉴。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“当然,从哲学层面上讲,每一种宗教传统都有其独特的观点,但是这些不同观点的目的都在于推进爱与慈悲的实践并有助于我们得到内心的平和。尽管在历史上佛教与西方世界没有什么接触,但是现在有越来越多的人对佛教的内容产生了真正的兴趣,其中甚至包括一些科学家。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者对佛教进行了简单的介绍,他解释说佛陀的第一教义“四圣谛”是所有后来教义的基础。他还谈到了巴利语支佛教最后传到了东南亚,而梵语支佛教被传到了中国,然后到韩国、日本和越南。按照梵语支佛教的说法,佛陀在鹿野苑(<span lang="EN-US">Sarnath</span>)首转法轮便是传授的“四圣谛”。在王舍城(<span lang="EN-US">Rajgir</span>)再转法轮,佛陀讲授了《般若经》(<span lang="EN-US">Perfection of Wisdom</span>),详尽阐释了第三圣谛,即“灭谛”。在吠舍离第三次转法轮,佛陀解释了意识的本质并详尽阐释了第四圣谛,即“道谛”。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">这些教义经受了那烂陀寺(<span lang="EN-US">Nalanda University</span>)大师们的检验、研究和分析,这里也是流传到西藏的佛教传统的源头。一位吐蕃国王在<span lang="EN-US">7</span>世纪的时候断定佛教将会适合于藏人,他的一位继承者在<span lang="EN-US">8</span>世纪的时候则更进一步并且邀请了杰出的比丘僧<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E8%AD%B7"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">寂护大师</span></span></a></span>(<span lang="EN-US">Shantarakshita</span>)来到西藏。尽管年事已高,他还是以巨大的勇气接受了邀请并且在西藏建立起了佛教戒律(<span lang="EN-US">vinaya</span>),引入了佛教哲学和认识论。因此,那烂陀传统是西藏佛教的纯净源头。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“在<span lang="EN-US">8</span>世纪,另一位那烂陀大师<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E5%A4%A9"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">寂天菩萨</span></span></a></span>(<span lang="EN-US">Shantideva</span>)创作了我们今天要学习的这部《<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E8%A1%8C%E8%AB%96"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">入菩萨行论</span></span></a></span>》。内容主要是关于如何唤起和培养菩提心,以及如何实践宽容、谅解、知足与自律。他讲解的每一处,都使用了推理的方法,而不是依赖于引用佛经。因为时间有限,我不打算逐行诵读。我会解释一些要点。第九品开始概要讲解佛陀教义,我们就从这里开始。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者诵读了说明佛陀所有教义都是为了获得智慧的有关部分。因此,为了实现远离痛苦的愿望,我们应该培养这样的智慧。尊者说,在表象和真实之间存在一道鸿沟,但这道鸿沟可以通过教育和训练、通过逐步理解世俗谛(<span lang="EN-US">conventional truth</span>)和胜义谛(<span lang="EN-US">ultimate truth</span>)来填补。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">此时尊者传授因午餐时间而中断,尊者再次乘车穿过墨西哥城漫长的街道去墨西哥天主教大学(<span lang="EN-US">Universidad Pontificia de M</span>é<span lang="EN-US">xico</span>)赴请,这所大学由梵蒂冈教廷(<span lang="EN-US">Vatican Holy See</span>)创立。校长马里奥</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">安吉尔</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">弗洛雷斯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">拉莫斯、主教兼墨西哥教区秘书欧亨尼奥</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">里拉</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">卢加西亚阁下、墨西哥主教克里斯宾</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">欧佳德</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">马奎斯奥克斯阁下,以热情的笑容欢迎尊者到访,并陪同尊者步入会议大厅,有数千名在场和在线听众等候聆听尊者演说。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">欢迎辞说,尽管这所大学是研究基督教教义的,但同时也是一个开放的地方,一个对话的地方。自教皇若望二十三世召开第二次梵蒂冈会议已经过去了<span lang="EN-US">50</span>年,那次会议旨在探究罗马天主教会与现代世界之间的关系。会议也部分涉及到以尊重和有尊严的方式开放与其他宗教传统之间的关系,促进世界的和平与正义。齐聚一堂的听众们向尊者表示欢迎,而尊者也以他特有的坦率回应大家。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“尊敬的宗教领袖们,兄弟姐妹们,我非常高兴来到这里。我了解这所具有<span lang="EN-US">400</span>年历史的大学,贵校也是拉丁美洲地区举足轻重的罗马天主教大学。我想是在我<span lang="EN-US">2004</span>年第二次访问墨西哥的时候,我在墨西哥大教堂参加了跨宗教会议,我非常高兴再次来到这里。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我们身处<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪开端,这是一个技术大发展的时代。但是这些技术进步只能有助于我们身体的舒适,无论技术多么成熟也不能给我们提供带来精神幸福所需要的爱和情感。教皇本笃说过爱和信仰必须相伴而行。科学的方法是有用的,我们需要研究和分析,尤其在我们的技术世界里,但是科学方法本身不能带来内在的平和。信仰带给我们心灵的慰藉和内在的平和。为了实现一个更加幸福的社会,我们需要性灵上的追求。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我从两个方面看待各种宗教传统:实践的和哲学的。在实践中,各种宗教传统有很多共同点,我们都专注于爱、慈悲、宽容和知足。我们可以从一些杰出的个人的工作中看到这些实践的效果,像特蕾莎修女,他们一直致力于服务他人。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者提到,由于宗教具有提供内在平和的潜力,因此以宗教之名而出现的很多冲突便尤为悲哀。这也是为何培养不同宗教之间的和谐共存是必不可少的,正如教皇约翰保罗二世<span lang="EN-US">25</span>年多以前在意大利亚西西召集的全球跨宗教大会。尊者请大家关注印度的例子,世界各主要宗教在这个国家和谐共存了<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>多年。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者在最后说,是否选择接受或不接受某种信仰是我们自己的个人选择,但如果我们选择了我们应该对其保持忠诚。他说,如果不能用我们的信仰在外面的世界统驭我们的行为,而只是在教堂或寺庙里摆出一副虔诚的面孔是不够的。尊者说,在他的教派中,他会在举行法事活动时穿上黄色的僧袍,但是实际上灵性不存在于你所穿的僧袍而是在于你的内心。他表示遗憾,不能有更多时间进行友好的讨论,希望将来能有这样的机会。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者还回答了听众的几个问题。对于一个有关于转世的问题,尊者回答说,用我们都是上帝创造的这个理念来理解这个问题似乎要简单的多。不过,从佛教的观点看,心灵的延续涉及到不止一世的生命。听众问尊者的第二个问题是“谁是上帝?上帝是什么?”尊者回想到,曾经在一个地方有人问他如果能同上帝说话,他会问上帝什么问题?尊者当时的回答是,“您是哪位?您是哪里人?您是做什么工作的?”最后一个有关人类未来的问题,尊者对上帝创造万物——甚至包括你的敌人——的坚定信念表示了赞赏,并补充说在不同于有神论的宗教传统中,我们把世间所发生的一切看做是我们自己行为的结果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在会见结束时,人们为一块牌匾揭幕,这块牌匾将树立在校园里以纪念尊者的到访,尊者同时还收到一份私人纪念品。然后,有一群儿童上前演唱歌曲,让在场的每个人感到非常愉快。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">下午尊者继续在墨西哥城体育馆讲授《入菩萨行论》。尊者指出,较为高级的思想学派不能简单地把他们的观点强加给较低的学派,必须通过说理来证明他们的观点。同样,寂天菩萨说,修行成就高的瑜伽士会自然而然地从成就较低的人当中脱颖而出。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">人类在世界上制造出的很多问题都是愚昧无知的结果,因而只有克服愚昧才能远离痛苦。当理解性空的智慧与觉醒的菩提心结合在一起,便可以引领一个人走上成佛之路;而如果没有觉悟,只能获得个人的解脱得到涅</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">槃</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。尊者解释说,作品的第一品是“赞菩萨心功德”,而第二品则是关于“忏悔罪业”。这两品都是为第三品“受持菩提心”以及随后几章有关如何为实现完美而行菩萨行做准备。尊者澄清说,作品中没有关于慷慨大方的单独章节,有关内容在第十品有所教授,也没有关于道德的单独章节,有关内容在第四品。第六和第七品是关于耐心和以喜悦的心情去不懈努力,第八品是关于如何专心致志,第九品是关于智慧,第十品为回向品。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者概述了在第二和第三品中所论述的七种修行方法,这些是正式“受持菩提心”的前期准备,而这部分内容尊者希望明天给听众讲授。这七种方法中包括了通过供养破除贪婪吝啬、通过礼拜破除自大傲慢、忏悔罪业等等,其中还部分包括了皈依三宝以作为破除“贪嗔痴”三毒的解药。作品在此处还解释了什么是“无常”。依照这其中方法修行,修行者会获得欣喜的心情,并请求诸佛的教诲同时希望驻世以求彻底觉悟。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者在最后说,如果我们带着对真实的理解去进行实践,我们可以克服破坏性的情绪,并在内心收获宁静。我们对这些事情的思考越透彻,我们的认知就会变得越深入。尊者说,作为修行几十年的一介比丘,他相信,只要按照这些方法修行一定会获益无穷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者将于明天继续讲授。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-9855163664817782882013-10-12T18:37:00.000-04:002013-10-14T23:54:44.809-04:00达赖喇嘛尊者在艾莫利大学传授 第四世班禅•洛桑确吉坚赞《甘丹大手印根本颂》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">时间:美国乔治亚州亚特兰大,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文网址:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">应哲蚌洛色林寺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Drepung Loseling Monastery</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)之请,今晨在抵达位于亚特兰大艾莫利大学格兰纪念礼堂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Glenn Memorial Auditorium</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)之后,达赖喇嘛尊者没有耽误任何时间,立即开始讲解班禅•洛桑确吉坚赞的《甘丹大手印根本颂》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Root Stanzas on Mahamudra</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。他向大家说明,他不会按照先念诵祈祷再重复解释的传统程序,而是直接对颂文进行讲解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者带领</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1200</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">名到场听众念诵传统祈祷文,祷文的首先两句是有关祈请“三宝”护持,随后两句是有关培养生起菩提心(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">bodhichitta</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。这两个部分都提到了“我”,因此要领会它们的含义,必须对“自我”有些了解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者说,“通常,我们认为是‘自我’掌控我们的身体和心灵。但如果认真探究,我们无法找到一个自外于身体和心灵的‘自我’。这便会产生一种理解,即‘自我’是某种名相,就像是一种幻觉。它看上去是确切而真实的,但是我们最终会领悟到‘自我’并非一种单独存在的真实。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者解释到,佛陀谈到过各种不同的觉悟途经,比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%B9%98"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">声闻<span lang="EN-US">乘</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Hearer’s Vehicle</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%98"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">菩萨<span lang="EN-US">乘</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Bodhisattva Vehicle</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。就此而言,在西藏有一种说法叫“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=G0r-QmBKBEG5IEbv9Fbfc3ExxTJkAjCmGSNbfmOKOyLcGS91p8DWihs8BcMOUr-x"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">《十善法》</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">和《十六净法》”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">ten divine norms and sixteen human norms</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。其中《十善法》包含了获得更好往生的道德实践,而《十六净法》则更加关注基本的人文礼节。《十善法》关系到宗教修行而且是所有宗教传承普遍接受的,可能一些持“恶见”者是例外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">声闻乘和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%A6%BA#.E7.B7.A3.E8.A6.BA.E4.B9.98"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">缘觉乘</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Solitary Realizer Vehicle</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的主要目的在于获得解脱,他们专注于“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">四圣谛</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”和“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">三十七道品</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”以及“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">十二因缘</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”。对于菩萨乘而言,目标不是自己的解脱,而是减少有情众生的苦难。菩萨乘更关注修行“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%AE%9A%E6%85%A7"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">无漏三学</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”并最终成就佛果。而在金刚乘的修行中,一方面(宁玛派)“大圆满法”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> Dzogchen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)谈到了“九乘”(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> <span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)">nine yanas</a></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),而后来的一些密宗流派谈到有“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7578f17501015aol.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">四部密续</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> the four classes of tantra</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。所有这些都可以被看做存在相互之间的关联。所有这些修行的重点都在于获得对心灵本质的理解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者说,“尽管修行方法各有不同,但是他们有这个共同点。我并非说自己是一位瑜伽成就者(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">experienced yogi</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),但是在接受了众多教导之后,我得出一个结论,所有这些教导都包含了这个共同点。关于这一点,宗喀巴大师也有同样的看法,他以一种广泛的而不带门户之见的看法来看待他的研究。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我从赤江仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)那里得到了《大手印根本颂》以及有关论述的传承并从林仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Kyabje Ling Rinpoche</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)那里单独得到了《根本颂》的传承。从历史角度看,扎什伦布寺是这种修行方法所属的口耳教授的传承中心。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在诵读《根本颂》的时候,尊者说,由于心灵在某种意义上是我们宇宙的创造者,选择心灵作为我们有关空性(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">emptiness</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的冥想对象非常重要,因为这样会产生很大的效果。关于对空性的理解有两个重要途径,即</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK10"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK9"></a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">龙树菩萨</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">中论</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">》和《</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK33"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK32"></a><a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/280292.htm"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">大品般若经</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">》,《心经》即属于这部经典。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK28"></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">《中论》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">24</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">章很重要,而其中有两段尤为关键:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">18.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">众因缘生法 我说即是空 亦为是假名 亦是中道义</span><br />
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">19. </span></i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">未曾有一法
不从因缘生 是故一切法 无不是空者</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">同样重要的还有下面这些《心经》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Heart Sutra</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)中的句子:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">色不异空,空不异色;</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">色即是空,空即是色;</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">受想行识,亦复如是。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者建议大家每天思考这些经文,必将在一定的时候对空性有所认识和感知。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在讲解《大手印根本颂》的结尾,尊者说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“这次讲授《大手印》到此就结束了,由于我们的时间有限,很难进行更加详细的讲解。不过,今天讲解的内容事关我们如何转变我们的心灵。动用我们的才智,我们能够改变我们的情绪。要像吃饭一样每天思考这些事情。你不会说‘我昨天吃的很好,今天就不用吃了’。因此也不要认为,‘我昨天考虑过这个问题,今天就算了。’</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“这所大学授予我荣誉教授的称号,今天我这个教授的责任算是尽到了。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者应邀前往艾莫利大学校长詹姆斯•瓦格纳的住处共进午餐。之后,尊者接受了一名《纽约时报》作者的短暂采访,这位作者正在为写作一篇有关“艾莫利—西藏科学促进会”的文章做准备。尊者对她说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我是一名佛教学僧,佛教有大量有关人的内心世界的知识。现代科学对外部世界有很多了解。如果这两者可以结合起来,我们有可能对现实世界获得一个更加全面的解释。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">下午尊者在大学里参加了两堂课。第一堂课是一门商业研究课程,尊者对学生们说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我知道商业和金钱的重要性,但是我不知道如何挣钱。不过,任何人类的职业若想具有建设性必须要有一个善良的动机。这需要通过透明达成相互信任,这对于相互合作是至关重要的。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者还谈到,竞争可以被看做两种类型。一种竞争的目的在于阻碍和扼杀对手,这种竞争是负面的。另一种竞争会创造出一种有利于所有参与者的动力,这种竞争是有益的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在第二堂课,尊者走访了一群曾经看过他的有关世俗伦理书籍的学生。当一个学生提出有些人有精神层面的追求但是对既有的宗教没有什么兴趣,并就此征求尊者的建议。尊者回答说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“这恰恰是世俗伦理的精神。如你所知,这并不背离我们的精神传统。但是,如果你想更进一步,你可以加上一些冥想,即包括分析性的冥想,就如同你们在这个课堂上进行的各种讨论,也包括反观自己内心排除杂念的止息冥想(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96">single-pointed
meditation</a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),这种冥想能让你的感知变得敏锐。每天早晨你们可以做一些瑜伽,同时进行一些止息冥想。这样做会大有收获。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">最后,有人请尊者谈谈教皇与世俗伦理的关系。他回答说,约翰保罗二世(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">John Paul II</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)是一位杰出的人,一位伟大的精神领袖。他曾经问过教皇伦理是否必须以宗教为基础。教皇没有回答,但是他身边的一位红衣主教说,“是的”。教皇本笃(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Pope Benedict</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)则从另外一个角度说,“……信仰和理性必须相伴而行。”至于教皇方济各(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Pope Francis</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),尊者说,他看起来非常现实而且讲求实际,但是他们还没有见过面;他希望明年能与教皇方济各会面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">至此尊者在亚特兰大的各项活动和会见全部结束。明天尊者将前往墨西哥并在那里停留六天。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-54882392038603880732013-10-10T11:56:00.000-04:002013-10-10T23:10:53.052-04:00达赖喇嘛尊者:《在21世纪地球村 成为负责任公民的几个支柱》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Pillars of Responsible
Citizenship in the 21st Century Global Village</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">第十四世达赖喇嘛尊者访问艾莫利大学并发表演讲<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">于美国佐治亚州亚特兰大,<span lang="EN-US">2013</span>年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">8</span>日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">中文翻译:更桑东智(<span lang="EN-US">Kalsang Dhondup</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文网址:</span><a href="http://bit.ly/15XvInz" style="background-color: white; color: #0068cf; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', 宋体, Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/15XvInz</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei UI', 'Microsoft YaHei', 宋体, Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在警灯闪烁的安保车队的护卫下,在开道摩托车和头顶直升机的轰鸣声中,达赖喇嘛尊者离开在亚特兰大下榻的酒店,乘车前往今天的活动地点谷内体育馆(<span lang="EN-US">Gwinnet Arena</span>)。艾莫利大学(<span lang="EN-US">Emory University</span>)校长詹姆斯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">瓦格纳(<span lang="EN-US">James Wagner</span>)在体育馆门前迎候尊者,在可以容纳<span lang="EN-US">10000</span>人的体育馆内,人们用热烈而友好的掌声欢迎尊者。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在介绍中,瓦格纳校长提到,艾莫利大学由卫理公会(<span lang="EN-US">Methodists</span>)创立,长期以来一直致力于培养德才兼备的公民。随后,主持人保罗</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">沃尔帕(<span lang="EN-US">Paul Wolpe</span>)说,对于一所大学而言知识固然重要,但同样也需要智慧、深刻的理解力和洞察力。他说,因此能与一位拥有智慧的人士同聚一堂是一个难得的殊荣,然后他请尊者发表讲话。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者正打算开始演讲时,看到了他的朋友理查德</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">摩尔(<span lang="EN-US">Richard Moore</span>)也来到了会场,他走下讲台向他表示问候。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“他便是一个真实的榜样,”尊者说,“他<span lang="EN-US">10</span>岁的时候,在北爱尔兰,被一颗橡皮子弹击中而失去的视力,但是他慢慢地原谅和宽恕,而没有诉诸愤怒。我总在喋喋不休地讲慈悲心,而他让慈悲心产生了实际效果。他是我的英雄。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">回到关于世俗伦理的问题上,尊者说,我们必须观察人性和人类历史才能明白这些伦理为何是必不可少的。他指出,</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">像他这样超过<span lang="EN-US">50</span>岁的人属于已经过去的<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">,而那些现在刚刚<span lang="EN-US">15</span>岁、<span lang="EN-US">20</span>岁甚至是<span lang="EN-US">30</span>岁的人属于<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪并将面对自己的未来。尊者请在座的听众举起手,看看有多少人属于年轻的一代。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“历史学家说,在<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪,人类尽管取得了巨大的发展,但是有<span lang="EN-US">2</span>亿人死于暴力,这是一个血腥和暴力的世纪。我相信,如果我们把他人都看做我们的兄弟姐妹,我们就没有理由相互欺诈、蒙骗和争斗。我们必须改变我们解决问题和冲突的方法;我们必须依靠对话而不是武力。</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我们必须更少地想到‘他们’和‘我们’,而是要更多替他人着想。</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">总会有各种原因在我们当中产生冲突,但是当冲突出现时,我们必须进行全面的讨论而不是进行争斗。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者说,我们必须将新的世纪变成一个慈悲的世纪。他区分了两种不同的慈悲:一种慈悲是源自生物因素的本能反应,根植于类似我们婴儿时从母亲哪里得到的慈爱;另一种更加广泛和包容的慈悲则是以理性为支柱。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“当前,我们是如此地相互依存,我们的邻居遭受毁灭意味着我们同样遭到毁灭。这正是我们为何必须要建立一个更加慈悲的社会,我们需要更多地从理性而非宗教信仰的基础上建立这样的社会。如果我们运用常识去观察,我们会发现在我们的邻居中,那些相互亲爱和信任的家庭也会以友好的方式对待他人。换句话讲,一个家庭即便在物质上是富足的,如果家庭成员之间缺乏温情,如果他们相互嫉妒和缺乏信任,并且相互猜疑,他们不会很幸福。“<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者接着引述了一些科学发现,这些发现指出怀疑、愤怒和恐惧会侵蚀我们的免疫系统。为了保证肌体健康,我们需要平和的心态。因此,正如我们需要关注肌体健康保持在良好的水平,我们也要提高我们情感健康的水平。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“一个社会不会因为联合国的介入或是国会大厦的裁决而发生改变。社会是由个人组成的,所以改变必须要从个人开始。改变不会因为给予或花费钱财而产生,而是来自我们心灵上的变化。我们可以通过践行以常识、共同经验和科学发现为基础的世俗伦理,来解决我们的问题。谢谢大家,现在请提问。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">对于有关<span lang="EN-US">21</span>世纪所面临的挑战问题,尊者回答说,教育是创造一个更加快乐、更加和平的世界的关键因素。他说,我们需要从提供知识和培养健康心灵两方面来设计教育。此外,我们必须提一个问题,目前美国生活方式在根本上是不是可持续的?而我们必须创造出一种适应于整个人类的慈悲心。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我们需要把人类看成一个大家庭;他人快乐,则我也快乐。太多的竞争导致邻里之间相互嫉妒和猜疑,反过来又会导致更多的不信任。那样我们怎么可能快乐?这是常识。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“有关世俗伦理的教育不仅仅止于慈悲心,还要包括对心灵的理解。我们需要一幅心灵地图,去理解心灵的工作方式;我们可以通过正确的理念训练心灵。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">有听众问到是否存在这样的现象,即似乎西方人更易于发展分析判断能力而东方人更易于发展慈悲心。尊者否认了这种区别,他说在世界的东西方人类都是一样的,拥有同样的七情六欲。对于如何在全球和政治层面上理解慈悲心的问题,尊者拿欧盟举例子说,正是因为它的成员国意识到他们的共同利益要比各自国家的利益更为重要,才最终导致欧盟的形成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">有人问尊者,如果慈悲的行为让你感觉良好,那么这样的行为还是真正无私的吗?尊者回答说,帮助他人确实会给我们带来利益。我们确实有自己的私利,我们是自私的,但是我们需要聪明的自私而不是愚蠢的自私。他举例说,吸毒就是愚蠢的自私而锻炼身体就是聪明的自私。作为社会性的动物,我们需要彼此合作,这就意味着我们要彼此信任,而这种信任是建立在我们关心他们幸福的基础之上的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">一位两个孩子的母亲想知道慈悲心能对他们有何帮助。尊者回答说:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“我具备一定的慈悲心,而这样的慈悲心源自我的母亲,她是一位不识字也没上过学的村妇,但她从来就是个热心肠的人。今天,当这个世界需要更多热心肠的时候,我们需要更多的女性领导人。科学研究表明,妇女在这方面有特殊的才能。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在上午的会议结束时,尊者要求那些对他的讲话感兴趣的听众,进行更多的思考并和朋友们进行讨论,如果看上去有些意义就将其付诸实践。他告诉那些没有兴趣的听众不用担心,走出大厅忘掉就可以。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">午餐后,尊者会见了“艾莫利—图伯特医学促进会”(<span lang="EN-US">
Emory-Tibet Medical Science Initiative</span>)和“图伯特医学研究所”(<span lang="EN-US">
Tibetan Medicinal Research</span>)的主要成员,他们介绍了正在进行的有关图伯特医学方面的科学研究。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">回到有关“世俗伦理与教育”(<span lang="EN-US"> Secular Ethics
and Education</span>)的专题讨论会上,尊者说,现代科学趋向于注重物质的和可以测量的事物,心灵也是一种真实的存在,所以科学应该在它的研究领域里包括心灵与情感。尊者强调说,我们面临的很多问题是我们自己制造出来的,他们的根源不在身体方面,麻烦制造者在我们的内心。尊者提到枪支管控问题时说到,枪支引起的问题更多地是由于使用枪支的人。本质的问题在于精神上的管控。武器也具有保护的功能,麻烦的真正原因在于我们的破坏性情绪。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“破坏性的情绪,诸如愤怒和恐惧,破坏了我们心灵的平和,当我们心灵失去平和,我们身体的幸福也不复存在。通过教育和认知,我们可以学会减少我们的负面情绪。我一直和一些科学家共事,像在座的里奇</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">戴维森(<span lang="EN-US">Richie Davidson</span>)先生,他们在这个领域进行了二三十年的研究,不是为了名利,而是为了让这个世界变得更好。我非常感谢他们并请求他们继续研究下去。”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">弗兰斯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">德</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">瓦尔(<span lang="EN-US">Frans de Waal</span>)从事灵长类研究,他发现灵长类动物可以像人类一样有道德感。他们具有道德“构建模块”(<span lang="EN-US"> building blocks</span>)。他们也表现出“移情”(<span lang="EN-US"> empathy</span>)并且互相帮助。哺乳动物身上有高度发达的“移情”现象,而这是一个主要的道德构建模块。他还通过视频证据展示了有些动物甚至具备了发达的公平心(<span lang="EN-US">sense of fairness</span>)。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">里奇</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">戴维森与大家分享了三个要点,来说明即便是受教育前的婴儿也能,在给其他人提供帮助或设置障碍的场景中,在慷慨助人方面有积极的反应。他说,正如我们都有语言能力,但要通过练习才能开花结果,我们也具备慈悲的能力,但同样需要经过培养。弗兰斯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">德</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">瓦尔补充说,尽管在人的天性中也确实存在竞争和攻击性的成分,但如果你生活在群体中,你必须妥协和照顾他人。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者回应道,这正证明了教育的重要性。首先我们需要认知,然后获得确信,在此基础上我们的行为会更加开放、诚实和透明。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">格西</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">洛桑丹增</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">纳吉(<span lang="EN-US">Geshe Lobsang Tenzin Negi</span>)就慈悲作为世俗伦理的基础谈论了自己的看法,并介绍了支持这一观点的科学发现。这些发现提供了证据证明慈悲是可以通过教育获得的,并且我们可以通过训练来调节我们的情绪。布鲁克</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">多森拉威尔(<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK8"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK7"><span lang="EN-US">Brooke Dodson-Lavelle</span></a>)谈到了认识儿童害怕被排斥的重要性,孩子们需要感到被爱从而将慈悲心延及他人。这也说明为何需要一个完整的社区来培养儿童。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者还回答了一个有关宗教作用的问题,他解释到,各种主要的宗教一直以来并且将会继续在培养爱和慈悲的品德方面发挥作用。然而,每一种宗教都有其局限或界限,而我们今天所需要是一种可以跨越这种界限的伦理观。因此我们需要世俗伦理。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在当天的讨论结束之前,瓦格纳校长向格西</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">洛桑丹增</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">纳吉和他的导师罗伯特</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">保罗(<span lang="EN-US">Robert Paul</span>)博士颁发了奖状,感谢他们在“艾莫利—图伯特合作计划”中的协调工作,正是这些工作导致了“罗伯特</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">保罗—艾莫利—图伯特科学促进会”的创立。尊者还表达了自己的赞赏,他说格西啦和他一样来自偏远的村庄,但已经证明了自己的才能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“心灵与生命研究所”(<span lang="EN-US">
Mind & Life Institute</span>)主席亚瑟</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">扎因斯(<span lang="EN-US">Arthur Zajonc</span>)宣布会议结束,他感谢尊者缜密的思维和观察给他和他的同事们带来的激励。他说,他们将继续努力工作,将我们内心的现实同我们周边的现实结合起来。其中一个事例便是实施向图伯特寺院介绍科学的项目。他引用法国哲学家西蒙娜</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 方正书宋繁体; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">•</span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">薇伊(<span lang="EN-US">Simone Weil</span>)的名言作为结尾:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> </span><span style="font-family: 方正书宋繁体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“人世间除了上帝,唯有友情可以让我们的目光如此专注……”<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-90344303956259221332013-10-02T21:59:00.003-04:002013-10-03T19:34:02.046-04:00嘉央诺布:《自由的盛典 ——圖丹歐珠的生平與貢獻》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxGKFgpFMG1DMGswE1e_sBqgX7PNFZztTljfkNokstbL8vMOZcWnGBhFX1d_57zCa38kchDEaa571mkKJtOBmKCvJ_fCnyjL4Cp78duTUkWNLNCUAU2uS1cS7IelDubwQd-s3BjPIht4/s1600/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%B9%E6%AC%A7%E7%8F%A0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxGKFgpFMG1DMGswE1e_sBqgX7PNFZztTljfkNokstbL8vMOZcWnGBhFX1d_57zCa38kchDEaa571mkKJtOBmKCvJ_fCnyjL4Cp78duTUkWNLNCUAU2uS1cS7IelDubwQd-s3BjPIht4/s640/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%B9%E6%AC%A7%E7%8F%A0.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Rite of Freedom</span></span></h2>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">作者:嘉央諾布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">翻譯:更桑東智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">原載:《影子圖伯特》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shadow Tibet</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖丹歐珠的火葬儀式之後,心緒難平的民眾最後步行回到了摩洛甘濟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">McLeod Ganj</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),我們幾個人前去探訪他的住處。從火葬場走上不遠的一段路,沿著山澗,穿過一片長著杜鵑、橡樹和圖伯特長葉松的林子,便到了尺覺林(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tsechokling</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)寺。圖丹歐珠的小棚屋就在那裡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">屋子非常小,只有大概</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">英尺長、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">英尺寬,高度不會超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">英尺。屋子的兩邊,在幾扇低矮的窗子下面是花圃,盛開著酒紅色的金魚草和黃色蝴蝶花,花瓣中間是斑駁的深色。在小屋的前面是一片地毯大小的草坪,中間長著一株小杜松。他還在住處周圍種上了整齊的樹籬笆,並且想把籬笆的一邊修剪成一隻鳥的形狀,不過還沒有全部完成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日本詩人兼畫家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%88%87%E8%AC%9D%E8%95%AA%E6%9D%91"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">蕪村(</span>Buson<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在他給俳句詩人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%89"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">芭蕉(</span>Basho<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的旅行日記</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E4%B9%8B%E7%B4%B0%E9%81%93"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《奧之細道》</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Narrow Road to
the Deep North</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)所作的插圖中,曾經有這樣一幅奇思妙想的畫面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">路邊一座不起眼的草廬內端坐著一位高僧,一處小花園環繞四周:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">連啄木鳥</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">都對它不屑一顧</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這座小小草廬</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">座落在一處夏季的花園。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖丹歐珠這處陋室儘管破舊不堪,屋頂是用大石頭壓住的瓦楞鐵,卻在不經意間讓人想起,很久以前的那些道家先賢和日本茶道大師們據說在他們的住所營造的那種</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">優雅的貧窮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">;讓人吃驚的是,人們偶爾會在達拉薩拉周圍遇到一些遺世孤立的僧人和禪修者的住所,雖然寒酸,卻也能給人這種感覺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">進到圖丹歐珠的屋內,人們注意到的第一件事是他的佛壇,上面有至少四幅達賴喇嘛的照片、兩面小的圖伯特國旗和各種其他菩薩和護法神的圖片。前面呈梯形堆放著一排日常供奉淨水的小銅碗。佛壇下方是他收拾得很整潔的床鋪,牆上的塑膠衣架上掛著一雙褲子和一件襯衫,都熨燙得挺括有型。同一顆釘子上還掛著一頂寫著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">自由圖伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Free Tibet</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的棒球帽。剩下所有的傢俱就只有一張小桌子和一張舒服的帆布躺椅。床對面的牆上是他的廚房,在那裡他臨時搭置了幾排架子,放置著他的鍋碗瓢盆和一些塑膠盒子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在一個架子的角上有三個比迪煙(印度產的一種廉價香煙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">譯者注)的大紙箱,那是他通常抽的煙。煙箱的邊上有幾個空朗姆酒瓶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">是專供軍隊的那種。一瓶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bachelor</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">牌的豪華裝威士忌還剩下一半。他大概是在去德里參加絕食抗議之前,用這瓶昂貴一些的酒犒勞了一下自己。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">據大家說,圖丹歐珠似乎一直是一個心情開朗的人,喜歡偶爾喝上幾杯和打撲克牌,尤其喜歡一種叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“sip”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的紙牌遊戲,那是他在軍隊時學會的。他和他的一些軍中老友通常每天聚在歐姆餐廳下面打牌。他還喜歡玩圖伯特的多米諾遊戲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">巴欽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> bakchen</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。儘管肯定不是個有錢人,但也沒有金錢方面的壓力。他在銀行裡有一些積蓄,他給達蘭薩拉各種組織和辦公室舉辦的年度野餐會和宴會當廚師,還會在新年時節烤製圖伯特新年糕點</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">卡賽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> khapsay</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),日子過得舒適安逸。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他看起來是一個盡職盡責的工人。英國作家帕特裡克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">弗倫奇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patrick French</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1986</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年在尺覺林寺見過歐珠,他在最近發表</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">1998</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">18</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在印度雜誌《展望》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Outlook</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中的一篇文章中提到,歐珠總是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">以那種退伍老兵的方式,急於,或許是過分急於提供完美的服務。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">帕特裡克説明歐珠草擬了一份菜單,給那些住在寺院客房裡的西方遊客提供餐點服務,包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">茶、咖啡、湯麵(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">thukpa</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、煎餅(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">shabalay</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、饃饃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大約在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">27</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日的早晨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">點鐘,當時德里警方對圖伯特青年大會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)組織的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">絕食到死</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">活動的營地進行第二次突然襲擊,試圖拖走剩下的三名絕食抗議者,這位普普通通但很有幽默感的人,做出了一件簡直是從根本上震撼圖伯特社會的事情。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">資訊與國際關係部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DIIR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的曲央塔欽(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Choyang Tharchin</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)拍攝的視頻鏡頭中人們可以看到,他躲過了警方的拉網搜索,走進了一處公共廁所。他打開了一個裝著汽油的塑膠容器,那一定是他早先就藏在那裡的,將全身澆滿了汽油。然後劃著了一跟火柴或是打著了打火機。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有當時在現場的人對我說,他或許沒有立即從廁所出來而是故意在裡面逗留了片刻以確保已經完全點燃。當然,這只是猜測。當他出來的時候,用文縐縐的話講,完全是一幅地獄景象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DIIR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的視頻錄影清晰地記錄了這令人毛骨悚然的畫面。我們看到他沖進絕食帳篷前的空地,導致警察的隊列和博巴們一片混亂。鏡頭外,一個典型英國口音的女人一遍一遍地尖叫著:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">哦,我的天啊,我的天啊!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在這一片尖叫和呼喊聲中,無法聽到著火的歐珠在說什麼。當時在場的人說,他呼喊了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">博嘉洛!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bod Gyal lo</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,意即</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特勝利</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。另外還有人聽到他呼喊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">博讓贊!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bod Rangzen</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,意即</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特獨立</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。他還呼喊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">願達賴喇嘛長久駐世!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他到底是怎麼喊出來的,尤其還是邊跑邊喊,這對我來說是一個不解之謎。要知道他的每一口呼吸都必定會導致烈焰沖進他的肺臟,燒灼他的肺泡和肺壁!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這位烈焰裹身的人然後似乎停頓了一下並雙手合十呈祈禱的姿勢。這個時刻的火焰似乎特別的猛烈,攝影師後來告訴我他可以清晰地聽到圖丹歐珠的肌膚從身體上爆裂的聲音。攝影師渾身顫抖,他覺得自己很難端穩攝影機。然後警察和圖伯特旁觀者用毯子和麻袋撲打火焰,並最終將圖丹歐珠推倒在地,熄滅了火焰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">歐珠被緊急送往</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ram Manohar Lohia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">醫院。那裡的醫生宣佈,他幾乎百分之百燒傷,沒有生存的希望。當問到病人是否會感到痛苦時,醫生的回答是肯定的,並解釋說由於大部分屬於一級燒傷,絕大部分神經末梢的功能依然存在。儘管神志清醒,圖丹歐珠一言未發。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">達賴喇嘛在第二天的晚上探訪了他。圖丹歐珠試圖坐起來,但是被輕輕地放倒。他舉起纏滿繃帶的雙手表示敬意。尊者問他能否聽見。圖丹歐珠點了點頭。達賴喇嘛告訴神志依然清醒的歐珠,他不應該掩飾任何對中國人的憎惡之情,他(歐珠)的行為已經前所未有地喚醒了人們對圖伯特事業的認知。那天夜裡,歐珠用幾乎聽不到的聲音說,他想舔一舔糖果,然後不一會,他讓在一旁陪護的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">領導人把糖從他嘴裡拿走並給他一點水。他後來還問起被員警拘捕的六位元絕食者的情況。當得知他們都已經住院並且情況良好時,他歎了一口氣並說他感到很高興。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">點</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">分,圖丹歐珠與世長辭。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就在圖丹歐珠自焚前幾周,我和一位自封的圖伯特環境問題專家(印度裔)產生過一次激烈的爭吵。他指出流亡博巴是如何地沒有(為圖伯特事業)付出努力和犧牲,並以此來為他自己和其他外國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">專家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">顧問</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的活動做辯護(從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">80</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年後期開始,這幫人就像圓滑而敏銳的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E9%B3%83%E9%B3%97"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">七鰓鰻</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">吸附于達賴喇嘛的宮廷)。事實上,另外一位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">專家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">早先在紐約也對我說,達賴喇嘛除了放棄獨立沒有別的選擇,因為流亡博巴沒有勇氣和決心將爭取獨立的鬥爭持續下去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">那麼,圖丹歐珠已經有力地戳穿了這一謊言。無論有什麼樣其他過失,流亡博巴看來已經準備為他們的國家獻身。那六位絕食者的勇氣和堅韌也清楚地說明了這一點,他們堅持絕食長達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">49</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">天,直到最後被德里員警強行拉走。我們同時還必須記住,有大約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名博巴已經同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">簽約,一旦第一批</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名絕食者絕食至死,他們將繼續參加絕食抗議。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這絕不是流亡博巴首次舉行這樣的活動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">發起了一次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">絕食至死</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">活動,後來由於達賴喇嘛親自(越過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">領導人)給</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名絕食者每人寫了一封信要求他們停止絕食這次活動,這次活動才停止。我還記得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1977</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年領導的另一次絕食活動,我當時稍有參與。不僅僅是那些直接參加活動的百折不撓的絕食者,甚至也包括那些從印度和尼泊爾各地來到德里的數千名支持者,他們都力所能及地為這項事業盡自己的一份努力,所有這些博巴們表現出的精神讓我至今印象深刻。還有其他一些運動,比如全國民主運動(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">National Democracy
Movement</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)在紐約領導的絕食。必須承認,這些運動所達成的效果大有懸殊,但同時也應該承認,所有的參加者都是真心誠意的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當然,我們在此還沒有談到那些在圖伯特境內執行自殺式任務的流亡博巴,或是很多秘密特工、木斯塘遊擊隊和其他一些為了圖伯特的獨立而以這樣那樣的方式放棄了他們舒適安全的生活甚至是生命的人。圖丹歐珠在他年輕的時候,是選擇拿起武器爭取解放祖國的眾多博巴之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我曾經和桑丹有過交談,他是摩洛甘濟的一位店主,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1963</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日他和圖丹歐珠一起簽約加入了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">軍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”(Establishment 22)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,這是一隻由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CIA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和印度軍方共同管轄的圖伯特特種部隊。桑丹和歐珠在同一個連隊(第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">連)、同一個食堂和同一個營房共同生活了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年。在完成基本訓練之後,他們被訓練成為傘兵,並且成功地完成了規定的跳傘次數,得到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">飛翼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">徽章。他們曾經駐紮在印度與圖伯特邊界的不同地區,直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1971</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,在高度機密的情況下,他們的連隊被派往印度東北部的一個空降地點,行動代號為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">營地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> camping ground</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">解放孟加拉的戰爭已經打響,遍佈孟加拉地區的巨大的河流和數不勝數的支流,阻滯了印軍大部隊從西面的推進。經達賴喇嘛批准,圖伯特部隊被派遣穿過橫跨孟加拉東南部米佐丘陵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mizo Hills</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)幾乎無法通行的叢林,去佔領港口城市吉大港,從而威脅巴基斯坦軍隊的後方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">進入孟加拉之後,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">連在查克馬丘陵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Chakma hills</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)地帶遭遇了敵軍火力。在付出兩人陣亡和兩人受傷的代價之後,他們佔領了巴基斯坦軍隊把守的一個山頭。而另外一個連隊,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">連,在執行作戰任務中就不如他們幸運,在攻擊敵軍把守的一個山頭時遭遇了重大傷亡。將巴基斯坦軍隊趕出丘陵地帶之後,博巴們繼續向南方的蘭加馬蒂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rangamati</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)前進,並從巴基斯坦人手中奪回了這座城市。他們還炸毀了這座城市週邊一座大型鐵路橋,以防止巴基斯坦裝甲部隊進行反攻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">談到在這座橋上看到的細節時,桑丹和圖丹歐珠看到,下面的河裡有數百具孟加拉人的屍體,尤其還有一些骷髏,都是巴基斯坦士兵在一個月或更早的時候吊死在橋邊的。在第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">連到達吉大港時,巴基斯坦人已經投降了。在吉大港停留數周之後,博巴部隊飛回了他們在恰克拉塔的基地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">兩位老友終於在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1976</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年各奔前程。桑丹加入了一個常規部隊,而圖丹則繼續留在特種遊擊部隊。圖丹歐珠在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1983</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年退役。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">桑丹回憶說,圖丹是一個頑強、果斷並且非常健康的人,從來不記得他曾經生過病,一天都沒有。儘管圖丹從來不追求加官晉級,但他是一位很熱心的士兵,總是自願地燒茶、背重物和做班裡的雜務。他也從來沒有錯過任何一門訓練科目,更令人驚奇的是他在軍隊服役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,從來沒有請過一天假。博巴士兵的薪水微薄,但據桑丹說,圖丹不是一個注重物質的人也很少考慮積蓄。圖丹似乎也不是一個特別虔誠的教徒。桑丹不記得他念過咒語禱文或是做過任何其他特別的修習。但是他誠實正直,是一個出色的夥伴,儘管不是很健談。即便是對最親近的朋友,他也很少談起過去在圖伯特的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我們都知道圖丹歐珠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1938</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年出生在藏(即日喀則地區)地方一個叫嘉措沙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gyatso Shar</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的村子。據說那裡還有他的一些親屬。他生於農民家庭,在他還是個孩子的時候就被送往紮什倫布寺為僧。拉薩起義之後,圖丹從日喀則經過錫金北部的拉欽拉瓊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lachen-Lachung</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)逃往印度。和其他難民一起,他在邦迪拉一處築路隊做苦工,一年以後轉移到位於拜拉庫比的魯松桑珠林(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lugsung Samdupling</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)博巴定居點。他在那裡一直生活到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1963</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年參軍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">退役後,圖丹歐珠來到達蘭薩拉,在尺覺林寺擔任廚師。寺院給了他一小塊地建起他的棚屋,條件是在他去世後歸還寺院。在達蘭薩拉,另外一位退伍老兵丹增成了他的好朋友,兩人時常在一起吃上一頓飯或喝上一杯茶。丹增也記得圖丹是一個非常健康的人,飲食很有節制但喜歡把飯菜做的比較細緻。他性情開朗,積極樂觀,而且知道享受生活,總是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">留</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">意不漏掉任何一場足球比賽,也不會漏掉在圖伯特兒童村</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">TCV</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">或是在圖伯特劇團(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibetan Institute
of Performing Arts</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)上演的任何一場演出。他和丹增還會繞著達蘭薩拉長途散步,最後找一個茶攤歇腳。丹增曾經試圖讓他更加虔誠一些,但收效甚微。和其他認識圖丹的人一樣,丹增告訴我,他是一個沉靜的人,從來不談論他的過去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">只有在丹增或其他人說起自己日漸老邁或是想放棄的時候,圖丹才會失去他的快活勁。他堅持認為這種想法是愚蠢的,博巴們肯定總有一天會回到自由的圖伯特。雖然沒有什麼政治傾向,圖丹總是樂此不疲地參加各種為支持圖伯特而舉行的示威遊行、燭光祈禱和集會。他曾經參加了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的第一次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和平行進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Peace March</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),似乎對結果有些失望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和平行進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">最初的目標是圖伯特,後來改成了德里,但是在前往德里半路上的安巴拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ambala</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),行進領導人又將大家都塞進了大巴,宣佈要趕去德里見達賴喇嘛。圖丹回到達蘭薩拉,對丹增講述了他的失望。他帶著挖苦的口吻說,先前對各種偉大成就談論了很多,尤其是行進活動領導人,但是除了沿途得到的印度民眾的同情,他不知道最後到底收穫了什麼。儘管如此,圖丹還是自願參加了下一次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和平行進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,這次似乎也沒有比第一次讓他得到任何更多鼓舞。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">最後,今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月,當圖丹歐珠得知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在德里組織</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">絕食到底</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">活動,他來到丹增家裡,喝完一杯茶後,告訴丹增,他打算去參加絕食活動。丹增承認,當時有些取笑他,問他能做什麼去改變政治局勢。圖丹的回答異乎尋常地肯定,他說這次肯定會有明確的結果。他說,儘管達賴喇嘛已經取得了很大的成就,但是民眾做的還不夠。除非有所作為,否則他們將在印度終老一生,而且每件事情的結果都將如此。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他請求丹增不要告訴任何人他參加絕食的事情。他還請丹增作為他的擔保人,因為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">要求所有自願者都提供擔保人。丹增陪他前往</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">辦公室簽署了擔保檔。在完成所有手續之後,圖丹向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">捐獻了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">500</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">盧比。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">副主席謝絕接受這些錢,但圖丹堅持捐獻,他說金錢是堅持鬥爭必不可少的。離開達蘭薩拉之前,他將棚屋的鑰匙託付給丹增並且告訴丹增,如果聽到他的死訊,他可以賣掉他的鍋碗瓢盆和那點傢俱,把錢捐給</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。他堅持說,每一個盧比對於自由鬥爭都是非常重要的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">到達德里之後,圖丹歐珠被分配在絕食第二組,一旦第一組成員絕食至死,他們便去接替。正如他一貫的性格,他忙著打掃絕食抗議營地,幫著給絕食者擦洗、按摩等等,這些人當時已經很憔悴虛弱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">23</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日,大約在中午,由挪威資助的圖伯特之聲</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">VOT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">電臺的一位記者採訪了他。我複製了他講話的主要部分,剪輯了其中重複和不連貫的部分,並且去掉了採訪者的提問。有些重要段落還沒有逐字翻譯,但是在括弧中提供了博語原文(以拼音的方式):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 25.4pt; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.31gd; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">之所以參加絕食抗議,是因為我是一名博巴,我有責任這樣做</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不,我根本沒有覺得害怕。我見到這六名絕食者是,我感到很高興。我們失去我們的國家已經將近</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">40</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年了,我們的文化和宗教都受到很大破壞。在圖伯特經呢和世界各地,人們已經為自由鬥爭做了很多事情。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 25.4pt; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.31gd; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">達賴喇嘛一直想盡辦法實行他的和平</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">方案。但是他的努力至今未見成效。因此,形勢已經變得讓人絕望。這六個人,在</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的領導下,通過絕食抗議來回應當前緊迫的形勢,這讓我很高興。(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gyalwa Rinpoche
kyi tsenme shiwae umae lam la-ya dinde chik betsoe nangchen gyami la drewa
masongnae shul yog ray. Lay-ga di la nuba thon yog ma ray. Di songyin tsang.
dha ni Uldrag yin tsang mi droog di shunue u tri-jay zadrag la tay, Ullchi
ngogoe la pheba dila nga rang pe gabo chung.</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 28.25pt; margin-right: 25.4pt; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 2.57gd; mso-para-margin-right: 2.31gd; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這六個人對於獻出自己的生命</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">沒有絲毫的疑慮和猶豫</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> thetsom pu chik
minduk</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。我也抱有同樣的決心。我也沒有絲毫猶疑去獻出自己的生命。這便是我的態度</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果輪到我去絕食,我已經決定要做的更加</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">行之有效。</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">現在很多博巴都決定將</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">絕食到底</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">活動繼續下去。我知道很多人想親自參加絕食。就我自己而言,我已經決定(如果參加絕食)不接受任何按摩治療,不喝一口水。博巴們的局面已經變得讓人絕望</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我要獻出我自己的生命,為我苦難的同胞換來和平與自由</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我有百分之一百的信心,圖伯特境內的同胞們不僅僅會繼續這一鬥爭,還會將它發展壯大。他們絕不會冷眼旁觀和放棄鬥爭。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這次採訪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">天之後,圖丹歐珠引火自焚。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在他去世之後,有些官方和支持團體的期刊登載了一些據說是引述自圖丹歐珠遺言的話:</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我對達賴喇嘛尊者的</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策充滿信仰,擁有這樣的信仰對於所有博巴都很重要。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有可能在更早的時候他或許曾經支持達賴喇嘛的中間道路政策,但就在他去世前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">天,他是如此肯定這一政策失敗了並且毫不猶豫地在電臺上說出來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">那麼到底是怎麼回事?我想,圖丹歐珠和絕大多數博巴一樣非常尊敬尊者,他們從來不會公開表達與達賴喇嘛相抵觸的觀點。然而他們天生良好的判斷力,在某些極端情況下,會驅使他們做一些違背達賴喇嘛意願的事情。例如,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月,在拉薩的博巴們似乎已經意識到達賴喇嘛不計代價信任中國人並同他們合作的政策,不僅對國家民族造成了危害,而且甚至連累和威脅到尊者自己的生命安全。不顧尊者的明確指示,他們拿起武器保護尊者並且重塑了圖伯特民族的榮譽。圖丹歐珠的自焚,以及那些絕食者的行動,似乎在很大程度上也源自同樣令人絕望的理由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">同和平主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">新時代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pacifist New Age</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的理念相反,博巴們認為,一個人為了自己的國家和信仰而獻出自己的生命從來就是令人敬佩的真正的壯舉。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">世紀早期,圖伯特西部信奉佛教的國王拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">益西沃(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lha Lama Yeshey Wo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)被穆斯林國王喀喇(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Qarlog</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)所俘獲,並被扣留以索取贖金。他的侄子設法籌集了大量的黃金,但是國王告訴他的侄子,哪怕一塊銅也不要交給那個穆斯林國王,並且他已經準備為佛法獻身。他催促他的侄子用這些黃金從印度聘請佛教大師。益西沃最終死於獄中。在年少為僧的時候,圖丹歐珠或許聽過這個和其他類似的故事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1966</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,就在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">文革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">開始之前,在拉薩的紮基(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Drapchi</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)監獄,一位受過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CIA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">訓練的圖伯特特工,江孜人紮西堅贊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trede Tashi
Gyaltsen</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)進行絕食。第一次絕食未能成功。中國看守強迫他進食並且給注射一些不知名的藥物。但是一個月之後,他再次嘗試絕食。這一次儘管監獄當局想盡辦法,他還是絕食至死。他的一個也關在監獄的同伴向我保證說,紮西的決定不是因絕望所激發,而是一個刻意的挑戰中國人的政治行動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">無論圖伯特社會對圖丹歐珠的自焚表達了多少敬佩與尊重,和絕食抗議活動一樣,各種媒體都不會原封不動地進行充分完整的報導,尤其一些西方人更是如此。在達蘭薩拉有一個居心險惡的傳教團體,經營一份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">新時代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">運動的時事通訊作為掩護,他們一直在給圖登額珠抹黑,告訴年輕的博巴圖丹歐珠自焚或許是因為酗酒導致的抑鬱症。一個人再怎麼狹隘和卑鄙也不過如此。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是回到有關自我犧牲的根本問題上,我覺得必須對那些嘬著橙汁、眼淚汪汪的和平主義群眾們指出,他們基本理念認為人們不應該為某項事業獻身或甘冒殺身之禍,這是一個荒唐的錯誤。生命無疑是寶貴的,但是如果活著的代價是妥協於暴政,或是心安理得麻木不仁地順應不公與邪惡,那麼最終的結果必然是比任何肉體上的死亡更加糟糕的精神死亡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此外,圖伯特獨立鬥爭不僅僅是一個有關領土與民族主義的問題,其中還包含一個更普世的和道德的維度。歸根到底,這是一場為了正義與真理而進行的鬥爭。這個真理不是抽象的真理,而是指引著勇敢無畏的男男女女們的生活的活生生的原則。我有時會從甘地的作品中尋求對這類問題的回答,他對這個和有關犧牲的問題有明確的觀點。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1942</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日出版的《青年印度》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Young India</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)上,他寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">抽象的真理是沒有價值的,除非它體現在人類身上,這些人通過證明他們樂於為真理獻身而成為真理的化身。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在政治鬥爭的歷史中,並沒有太多人為了他們的信念而選擇一種激烈的方式獻身,但是儘管如此,這樣的行動似乎往往比較有效。其結果有時還迅捷而轟動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1963</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月,釋廣德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Thich Quang Duc</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)在西貢點火自焚,來吸引世界關注天主教總統吳廷琰(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ngo Dinh Diem</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)對佛教徒的迫害。抗議浪潮席捲全國,並使得吳廷琰總統的政府很快在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1963</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日倒臺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖丹歐珠夢想的實現或許尚需時日,但是我想,那一天終將到來。正如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1969</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年在布拉格為抗議蘇聯入侵而自焚身亡的年輕捷克學生楊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">帕拉赫(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jan Palach</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)所懷有的願望。帕特裡克•弗倫奇在他文章結尾處寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">今天蘇維埃帝國已經煙消雲散,而楊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">帕拉赫依然活著。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.rangzen.net/wp-content/uploads/1998/08/Thupten_Ngodup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.rangzen.net/wp-content/uploads/1998/08/Thupten_Ngodup.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">图丹欧珠生前最后一张照片</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK44"></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在攝於德里絕食者帳篷前的生前最後一張照片中,圖丹歐珠面帶笑容。人們無法確知他的頭腦裡在想什麼,但是無疑他看上去是愉快而自信的。在他的笑容裡,看不出任何憤怒或狂熱(或是酗酒抑鬱症)的跡象。他是一個單純的人(他只能斷斷續續地讀一些博伊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">即藏文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">]</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),但是當我看到他的這張照片時,我覺得正在看著一張平靜而快樂的面孔,這是一張已經找到了生命基本真理的人的面孔;</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">某些我們的領導人一直在回避的東西,在傳統上一直被博巴們看做是對於任何重要的事業都必不可少的,尤其對於踐行佛法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">你必須做出決定並付諸行動(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">thak choego ray</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">感謝</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TYC</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中執委的所有人,尤其是央欽卓嘎啦(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yangchen Dolkar-la</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),感謝你們的合作。感謝</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">DIIR</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的卓央啦(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Choyang-la</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、多丹啦(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Topden-la</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和丹增當堆啦(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tenzing Damdul-la</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。還要感謝丹增老師(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gyen Tenzing</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和桑丹啦老師(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gyen Samten-la</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1998</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">發表于《世界圖伯特新聞網》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">World Tibet
Network News</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><b>2013年10月2日译于<i>Bloomington,Indiana</i></b></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-42093179503157459102013-09-26T21:27:00.000-04:002013-09-30T10:16:35.857-04:00嘉央诺布:《论图伯特的统一与独立》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2tlD5Q5n-ZkZdbcVCu95_KXC09V39JeEOKzizf2X0KMzC37qywWN3Gf4jVeHpXlPdINw66-JesyrEJB9PPWApxJcrxKIcYa3-dIDH0qp4e4CwEknw7uDf8LjU4ze9ILCYzkPj2DU7UUQ/s1600/%E8%AE%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8E%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2tlD5Q5n-ZkZdbcVCu95_KXC09V39JeEOKzizf2X0KMzC37qywWN3Gf4jVeHpXlPdINw66-JesyrEJB9PPWApxJcrxKIcYa3-dIDH0qp4e4CwEknw7uDf8LjU4ze9ILCYzkPj2DU7UUQ/s640/%E8%AE%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8E%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/08/07/the-case-for-a-united-independent-tibet/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jamyang Norbu</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang
Dhondup</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt;">本文原应为我的上一篇《<span lang="EN-US">22</span>条军规:中间道路版三区统一》的第二部分,但是考虑到此文可以独立成篇,因此需要一个新标题。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt;">——作者<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">官方的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">MWA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)理论认为,即便图伯特最终成为一个独立的国家,绝大多数的康区和整个安多地区也将不可避免地被排除在这一美妙的进展之外。从表面上看,这种论调可以只能被看做是一个相当头脑简单的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">伪历史</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> pseudo-historical</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)观点。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是,这种推论的基础是一种错误的和分裂性的思路,这种思路正在被刻意用来使得康巴,尤其是安多人感到恐慌并进而放弃他们争取自由的斗争。这种观点的危害,小而言之,可以解释为拉萨政府在过去从来没有为康区和安多操过心;大而言之,无异于在说拉萨出卖(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">tsongba ray</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)了这两个地区。这种观点还时常沦为对拉萨贵族的恶毒指控,说他们剥削来圣城朝觐的康巴和安多人,并且剽窃安多学者的思想成果,尤其是根登群培(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Gedun Chophel</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的历史著作,这个博客的读者一定注意到过有一些这样的评论。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">前的拉萨政府无疑是不合时宜的、虚弱的并且还时常是腐败的,但是远非出卖过康区和安多,它从来没有放弃过这些地区。实际上在各种不同的外交场合,只要有机会,它都一直在坚持对这些地区拥有主权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">伦钦夏札•班觉多吉</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">(</span></i><i style="text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Lonchen Shatra Paljor Dorje</span></i><i style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;">)</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i style="text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体;">摄于大吉岭,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1893</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体;">年。</span></i></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1913</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">日,图伯特伟大的爱国者和首席噶伦伦钦夏</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">扎</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Lonchen Shatra</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),在西姆拉会议上提交的正式立场文件中,提出了一份详细的有关图伯特独立地位的声明。这份档可以被看做是一份外交的或国际性的独立宣言。在这份宣言中,夏札(对图伯特领土的描述)不仅包括了康区和安多,而且还详细阐述了这些地区与中国之间精确的传统边界:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">东北自西宁赤岭之石碑(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">the ston pillar at Miru gang in Ziling</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)向东,沿来自积石山(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mar chen pomra mountain</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)之河流,迄河之初始大弯曲处,折向东南方,抵晋汤之白塔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Chorten Karpo in Jintang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">北方以昆仑山脉、阿尔金山脉、柴达木山脉,接连于霍希里山脉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ho Shili Range</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、白康普陀山脉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ba kang po to Range</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),迄于青海(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tso Ngon-po</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)之北,内包三游牧部落(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ba nak kha sum Country</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),迄于中国甘肃省之边界,然后向南及东南方,内包果洛野番(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Go-lok </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、霍尔科格(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hor kog</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、瞻对(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nya rong</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、金川十八土司、明正土司以及打箭炉;然后复南向抵四川与云南交界处,并折而西向沿西藏之界抵达利麻(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rima</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)而止。此部分地方即中国新近名之为西康者。以上所有各地均形成西藏之一部分,为藏人所居住,而且都含括于西藏之境内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span style="font-family: 楷体; font-size: 14.0pt;">此段译文转引自台湾中国文化大学史学系教授林冠群的文章《“大西藏”之商榷——西藏境域变迁的探讨》,文中所注引文来源为:欧阳师无畏〈钵的疆域和边界〉文刊广禄主编《西藏研究》(台北:中国边疆历史语文学会,民<span lang="EN-US">49</span>),页<span lang="EN-US">138</span>-<span lang="EN-US">139</span>。中文引文内容稍多于嘉央诺布啦的英文引文——译者注</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">为了支持他的声明,他从拉萨随身携带了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大量档案材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。即便是相当不友善的学者梅戈尔斯坦也写道,夏札在发言时,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在政治和领土问题上的立场非常强硬,要求所有说博语的民众重新统一在达赖喇嘛的政府之下,包括安多和康区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">图伯特方面制作了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">56</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">卷原始材料来支持他们的诉求。这些材料包括:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">人口普查名册,税收收入原始记录,诉讼记录,土地登记文件,对头人、官员、部落首领、喇嘛和寺院管理者的委任书,布告,公告,寺院捐赠记录,民兵组织服役名单,以及各种印鉴展示。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而中国人没有带来任何一件原始档案来支持他们的要求,图伯特方面的陈述让他们坐立难安。根据亨利•麦克马洪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Henry McMahon</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)爵士【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">】的记述,中方谈判负责人陈贻范(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ivan Chen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)先生流露出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">明显的慌乱迹象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。但尽管理由不堪一击,中方还是断然拒绝哪怕是考虑图伯特方面提出的要求并且坚持整个图伯特都是中国的一部分。会谈因中图边界问题而破裂,最初起草会议协议的中方没有在最终协议上签字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">西姆拉会议(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">SIMLA CONFERENCE, 1913-14</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。前排坐者左起:旺秋次仁(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Kusho Wangchuk Tsering</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)【</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">5</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">】,</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mr. B.D.Bruce</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,陈贻范(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mr. Ivan Chen</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),亨利</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">麦克马洪爵士(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sir Henry McMahon</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),伦钦夏札(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Lonchen Shatra</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),</span></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK7" style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Teichi Trimon</span></i></a><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">, Nyendron Tenpa Dhargay</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">。站在麦克马洪身后的是查尔斯</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">贝尔(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Charles Bell</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">英国和图伯特之间达成的协议是,由拉萨政府控制的领土构成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">外藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Outer Tibet</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),而那些由中国控制的部分被称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">内藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Inner Tibet</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。图伯特方面对这一妥协感到不快,但是不得不接受。就本文所进行的讨论而言,应当指出图伯特方面一直坚持所有康区和安多地区都应被看做“藏”,即便必须要加上限制性的“内”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">inner</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。这是拉萨方面的底线。当然,除了中图边界问题,会议还要处理其他一些重要问题,但那些问题不在本文讨论的范围之内。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">据查尔斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贝尔说,十三世达赖喇嘛对会议结果不满并且相当不公平地对夏</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">扎</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">进行了指责。当查尔斯•贝尔自己被尊者问到有关图伯特的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">内</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的划分时,他解释到尽管中国方面希望康区和安多成为中国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">省份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是我们设法让这些地区被称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">内藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,这样在这些地区保留了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的名称。将来,如果您的军队发展的足够强大,可以保证图伯特的权利得到尊重,你可以重新获得这部分国土的正当所有权。如若不然,连名字(倒不如说是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">追索权</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">作者按</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)都会失去。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">事实当然没有查尔斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贝尔对达赖喇嘛所说的那么简单,但是贝尔的建议也道出了一个基本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">残酷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">事实。外交的胜利几乎在任何情况下总是同军事胜利或实力内在相关的结果。如果你的军队在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年横扫了奥斯曼帝国(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ottoman Empire</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),那么你就可以像丘吉尔在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1921</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年所做的那样,拿出其中的一部分创造出一个以前并不存在的国家,称之为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">外约旦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <i>Trans-Jordan</i></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><i>,后来的约旦是其一部分——译者注</i>),并且夸口说你是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在开罗的一个星期天的下午,用一只钢笔划一划</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">就搞定了。由于丘吉尔喜欢在午饭时喝上些香槟和一两杯威士忌,据说他在下午划出了一条飘忽的边界,其结果在今天的地图上依然可以看到。约旦和沙特阿拉伯之间这条令人好奇的弯弯曲曲的边界被委婉地称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">温斯顿之嗝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Winston’s Hiccup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">十三世达赖喇嘛的将官们,曾经在几年前率领未经训练的民团乡勇,在日喀则和拉萨击败了中国军队,他们从自己来之不易的经验中认识到军事实力的价值。在图伯特获得独立的最初几年,他们努力创建一支现代军队。这支现代军队</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年在康区获得的辉煌胜利具有重大的政治意义。这是差不多一千年以来,图伯特军队第一次决定性地击败了入侵的中国军队。我曾经在我所写的书评文章《黑史》的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2008/07/19/black-annals-goldstein-the-negation-of-tibetan-history-part-i-tris/e."><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">失踪的战争</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">部分对此有相当详细的回顾,如果有读者希望唤醒他们的记忆,可以阅读这一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Kalon-Lama-small-196x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Kalon-Lama-small-196x300.jpg" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1918</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年获胜的</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"></i><br />
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">图伯特军队统帅</span></i></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">噶伦喇嘛•江巴登达</span></i></span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Kalon Lama Jampa Tendar</span></i><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)。</span></i></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这场胜利并没有图伯特人希望的那么彻底。英国人再一次和我们耍开了两面派手法。但是,昌都(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Chamdo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、察雅(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Drayak</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sangyen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">、贡觉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gonjo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、芒康(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Markham</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、白玉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Beyul</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、邓柯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dengkhok</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)以及整个德格(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Derge</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)地区都得以解放,直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rongbatsa</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">一线,并在这里签订了一个条约。绝大多数康巴觉得</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年的胜利是他们历史上的一个转折点,他们夸张地将其描述为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">土马年新时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> kalpa sa-ta</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。这不仅仅是一场战争,而且是民族的解放。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年的胜利也清楚地证明了,训练有素的图伯特军队有能力捍卫他们的边疆,抵御中国的进犯。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是在随后几年,拉萨在康区和甚至安多地区的军事抱负,与它的实力和资源相比,显得力不从心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1931</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,在昌都的图伯特当局开始卷入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tre-hor</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">地区两个寺院之间的争执,并且派兵越过了停火线。起初图伯特人相当成功,占领了甘孜和甚至新龙的绝大部分地区。中国人请求停火,正如夏格巴所讲,如果此时图伯特人同意停火,他们或许能够守住</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">相当大的一片领土</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。但是图伯特人已经挺进到距离达折多(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dhartsedo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即现四川康定)只有几天路程,并且不明智地决定拒绝中方请求。这一年底,中国人大规模的反攻击退了图伯特人,甚至拿下了德格的东半部分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">第二年,非常欠考虑的图伯特人推进到结古多(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jeykundo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即青海玉树),而这个地区当时在安多回族军阀马步芳的控制之下。其结果对于图伯特人而言同样非常糟糕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这些失败是不幸的,甚至是灾难性的,而我在此提起他们是为了强调一个事实</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">拉萨政府从未放弃康区和安多,而它的官员们也并非如反对拉萨政府的人士所言,整日欢宴无度。在这些战争当中,很多卫藏官兵(以及康巴民兵)战死疆场。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的军事行动中,有三名将军阵亡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1931</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1932</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年担任总督的阿沛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ngabo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,不是后来的阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">阿旺晋美)因战事压力可能是死于心力衰竭(</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“他气息错乱”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[his wind element became agitated]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——夏格巴</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。拉萨的传言说他是因为懊悔自己的失败而吞服钻石自杀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dronyerchenmo-Apso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dronyerchenmo-Apso.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">卓尼钦莫•登巴达杰<br />(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dronyer-chenmo Tenpa Dhargay</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),<br />也称做“</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Apso</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">”卓尼钦莫。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">图伯特军事力量自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1918</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年巅峰期的衰落,可以在很大程度上为图伯特人的失败提供解释。从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1920</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年代初开始,民众大会(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tsongdu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,仲都</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">极端保守</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的寺院势力,在登巴达杰(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tenpa Dhargay</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,时任</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">卓尼钦莫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,即达赖喇嘛的大管家。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的率领下,并且得到龙厦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Lungshar</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的支持,密谋瓦解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">致力于实现现代化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">】</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的擦绒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tsarong</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)领导的由军官和其他官员组成的权力集团。在随后的几年,拉萨的现代警察部队被解散,军费开支缩减,军官被降级,而同时给寺院和喇嘛们的供养捐赠却增加了。在伟大的十三世大喇嘛圆寂之后,由两位腐败且极端保守的喇嘛先后担任摄政,在他们当政期间,图伯特军队在共产党</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年入侵之前,在规模和效能上被缩减到原先的一个零头。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">从实际意义上讲,不仅仅是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年图伯特失去独立地位,甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">世纪吐蕃帝国的崩溃以及后来失去安多和绝大部分康区,都可以直接归咎于图伯特政治中强大的僧侣和寺院势力。一件在学术上不存在争议的事件是,图伯特国王拉赛达玛【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">】(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">r. 838-842</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)被一位僧人暗杀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">对于图伯特人而言是灾难性的,因为这最终导致了内战和整个国家的崩解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">拉赛达玛,图中文字为:</span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">“</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Khri Darma 'o dum tsan</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">”</span></i></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(赤•达玛•乌东赞,即拉赛达玛的原名)。</span></i></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">出自江孜白居寺十万佛塔</span></i></span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gyangtse Kubum</span></i><i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)壁画。</span></i></span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">摄影:桑丹卡尔梅。摄于</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1987</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">伟大的图伯特学者桑丹卡尔梅(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Samten Karmay</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)对此事件进行了独创性的杰出研究。他令人信服地指出,同寺院方面的宣传相反,这位国王并没有迫害佛教徒,而是试图制约被僧侣集团所攫取的过分的特权和政治权力,这些僧侣集团在<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK9"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK8">朗达玛</a>的大哥日巴坚(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ralpachen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">当政期间已然形成尾大不掉之势,削弱了吐蕃帝国的军事实力并且疏远了世俗官员和将军。但是由于致力于加强帝国统治并将行政管理世俗化,拉赛达玛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Lhasay Darma</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)遭到了一名僧人的暗杀,并且从那以后在图伯特的历史和传说中一直遭到无情的妖魔化。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这一起由一名僧人实施的谋杀行动(或许是出于某个僧侣集团的阴谋)是吐蕃帝国崩解的直接原因。这虽然是一个不争的事实,但是在有关图伯特为何失去独立地位的政治讨论中从来无人提及。桑丹啦指出,在拉赛达玛当政时期,帝国是完整的,甚至远至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">像(甘肃)敦煌那样的地方都依然在图伯特的统治之下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因而在拉赛达玛遭到暗杀之前,整个的安多和康区都无疑是图伯特领土的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">当然,这些领土并非在一夜之间丢失殆尽的,在随后的几个世纪,拉萨还能以某种方式不同程度地保持日渐衰弱的影响和实力。但是就本文所进行的讨论而言,无需对这个衰落过程的详细情况进行深入探究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">值得注意的是,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1725</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年满清皇帝针对蒙古各旗和安多地区的图伯特各部族,在西宁派驻按班(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">amban</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即钦差大臣</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)经常被说成是图伯特影响力在这个地区的终结。但是保罗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">尼图斯基(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Paul Nitupski</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">】最近的研究表明,实际上派驻西宁的钦差大臣几乎没有什么真正的权力,对于果洛地区的图伯特部族而言,更是毫无影响力。另外,意大利学者毕达克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Luciano Petech</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)说,拉萨在安多地区一直设有一个类似的机构,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">直到大约十九世纪中叶,派驻的大臣称为噶本(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">s<i>gar dpon</i></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),其作用最主要是处理贸易事宜和对当地寺院的控制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和满清按班一样,噶本对地方政治看上去也几乎没有实际控制权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是从十九世纪后期开始,大部分安多地区逐渐被回族穆斯林军阀马氏家族所占领,而一直晚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1928</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1949</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,安多地区才成为青海省和甘肃省的一部分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但即便是在晚近这段时期,安多和拉萨之间关系维系主要是通过庞大的寺院网络,这个网络包括了精神、学术、文化,甚至财务和商业联系。而正是这样的联系将绝大多数寺院机构、喇嘛和他们的世俗信众,在图伯特佛教世界里整合在一起。安多学者白玛奔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pema Bhum</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)告诉我,安多民众一直把拉萨当做他们的文明中心,他们用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">拉萨,南方的太阳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> lho-nyima lhasa</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">当我闭上眼睛,就看到了卫藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这样的传统谚语来表达对他们的文化和历史渊源的情感。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">拉萨政府也利用任何可能的时机来加强它与安多地区的悠久联系。塔泽仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Taktser Rimpoche</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)告诉我,在他担任塔尔寺主持期间,会定期收到图伯特东部总督次旺拉鲁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sawang Lhalu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的来信,尤其是在共产党入侵的前一年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1926</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年,图伯特政府给果洛最高首领阿琼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贡玛仓(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Arkhyong Gongmatsang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的登札朱古(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trulku Tendrak</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)授予四品官(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">rimshi</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)职衔,他是日芒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ri-mang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)各部落的首领。【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">】另外一位色须(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sershul</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即现四川省石渠县境内)地区牧民的部落首领甲波•仁钦旺吉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rinchen Wang gi Gyalpo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),也在扎曲卡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Dzachukha</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,位于现四川省石渠县境内)举行的典礼上被授予官衔和官服。约瑟夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">洛克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Joseph Rock</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)提到,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1926</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年当他在果洛地区旅行时,有人告诉他,果洛部落</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">最大和最重要的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">首领阿琼朱古之所以没有来他的营地,是因为他去</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">向图伯特政府表示归顺了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; 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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">左起:果洛•阿琼•贡玛仓(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Golok Arkhyong Gongmatsang</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),格西•江白绕佩洛珠(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Geshe Jampel Rolpae Lodroe</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),德格总管德彤•久美嘉措(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Derge Governor Tethong Gyurme Gyatso</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),甲波•仁钦旺吉(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rinchen Wang gi Gyalpo</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),江孜军团军官。摄于:扎曲卡,</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1926</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。来源:阿尼玛卿研究会视觉档案(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">AMI Visual Archives</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">这些和随后的一些果洛部落首领拜访拉萨的时候,他们都身着盛装并且得到了恰当的接待并按照礼节得到了达赖喇嘛的召见。我想应该指出,所有的康巴和安多人前往图伯特政府的辖地都无须</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">关牒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> lamyik</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">即护照或签证),而所有中国人、印度人,当然也包括西方人则必须提交。</span></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">中国佛教协会副主席格西•喜饶嘉措</span></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Geshe Sherap Gyatso</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)与中国主席毛泽东。</span></i></i></div>
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<i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">摄于:北京,大约在</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1951</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">甚至在安多杰出的佛教学者但同时也是著名的国民党(以及后来中华人民共和国)代理人格西</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">•</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">喜饶嘉措</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1944</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年试图从中国进入图伯特时,他带着</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">50</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">名中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">学生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">和大量的礼品以及宣传材料,图伯特政府宣布,格西啦当然可以获准进入图伯特,但是他的中国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">学生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">则不可以。中共代理人巴塘人平措旺杰(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bapa Phuntsok Wangyal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)可以很随便地进入拉萨而无须护照,他在自传中提到,他得到卫藏贵族和民众相当殷勤的接待。甚至非常保守的噶厦还接受了他关于图伯特改革的请愿书。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1956</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年康区第一次大起义之后,当时有数千名康区难民和人数略少一些的安多难民涌入拉萨(达赖喇嘛说人数过万),拉萨政府没有驱逐任何人。由于我们必须为中国占领军提供粮食,在卫藏地区已经出现了食品短缺,但拉萨民众依然对难民表现出同情和支持。中国当局命令噶厦利用当时仅剩的图伯特军队和拉萨警察,将难民集中起来遣返原籍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">尽管软弱无力,索康沙贝(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Surkhang <i>shapé</i></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)领导下的噶厦依然拒绝了中方的要求。我们现在可能觉得这看上去算不得什么,但是我们应该记得,当接到纳粹占领当局的命令时,法国维希政府毫不犹豫地抛弃了自己的犹太裔公民。而实际上,法国政府和警察心甘情愿与纳粹配合,将成千上万的法国犹太人集中起来运往德国死亡集中营。在一个案例中,法国警察甚至主动逮捕了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13152</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名犹太人,其中包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4051</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">名儿童,而盖世太保并没有要求他们这么做。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">茨仁夏加啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tsering Shakya la</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)在他的著作《龙在雪域:图伯特现代史》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">History of Modern
Tibet</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)中告诉我们,中国人对图伯特政府施加了巨大压力,试图迫使图伯特政府使用所剩无几的军队</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">平息康巴起义</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,甚至要为此事承担主要责任。噶厦连同仲都(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tsongdu</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即国民大会</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)一起提出了一个很有些马基雅维利式(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Machiavellian</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的反制提议。他们要求中国首先允许图伯特政府大幅度增加常备军规模,并且还要提供现代化的武器装备。中国人只好将此事不了了之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果从国际法的层面上对有关事实稍加研究和探讨,我想,有足够的证据说明</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">康区和安多地区是独立的图伯特不可分割的部分。无需篡改历史或夸大其词,我们便可以确凿地证明,拉萨政府一直将康区和安多地区的民众看成是图伯特,是自己的民众,尽管有些时期它没有向这些地区的民众直接征收税赋和实施行政管辖。反过来,我们也肯定可以说明,康区和安多地区的民众也把拉萨当成是他们语言、文化和精神文明的首都,而且在重大的危机时刻,也当成是他们的政治首都,正如恩珠仓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">贡保扎西(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Gompo Tashi
Andrugtsang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和成千上万图伯特东部难民在上世纪五十年代的所作所为。当然,有不可否认的历史事实说明,所有康区和安多地区有数百年的时间并非毫无争议地是图伯特国家的组成部分。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Himalaya"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BO; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而这正是我想指出的对国际法和历史进程的一种离奇而错误的解读,甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策的领导人和倡导者们似乎已经接受了这样的误读。他们似乎相信存在某种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">诉讼时效</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> statute of limitations</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在历史的时间在线存在某种时间截点(或许是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">50</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">100</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年),而失去独立地位的国家如果超过这个时限,则永远不能合法地重新要求获得他们过去的独立地位。因而,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的观点认为,如果图伯特获得独立,那么只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">63</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年以前)由拉萨政府管辖之下的范围会被当做(是被联合国、国际法庭,还是其他什么人?)图伯特的领土,而过去几百年没有受噶丹颇章政府直接管辖安多地区和康区其他部分则不符合条件。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这种观点无疑是荒谬的。在英国统治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">200</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年和莫卧儿王朝统治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">300</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年之后,印度成为了独立国家。所有图伯特人都多多少少知道一些犹太人的历史,犹太人在失去自己的祖国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年之后建立了独立的以色列。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">苏格兰人在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">300</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年以前失去了他们的独立地位,当时一位苏格兰国王娶了一位英格兰公主,他的儿子詹姆斯同时成为苏格兰和英格兰国王。苏格兰人要求独立远不如图伯特人顺理成章,《勇敢的心》的图伯特粉丝们应该会注意到,苏格兰英雄的故事只是苏格兰历史中的一个章节。但是现在,当苏格兰民族党(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scottish National Party</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)希望苏格兰脱离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">联盟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的时候,没有人对苏格兰人说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">孩子们对不起,你们出去的时间太长了,这个东西已经不卖了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">苏格兰独立是一个现实的议题。而这也是图伯特人必须去做的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">让图伯特及其三区的独立问题成为一个国际性的现实而响亮的议题。这是第一步。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">为了获得独立,你不必有一个连续或几乎连续的自治历史。实际上,你甚至都根本无须拥有曾经是一个国家的历史。我想,可以有把握地说,联合国的大多数(如果不是绝大多数的话)成员国,在他们被西方殖民列强征服之前,都不曾拥有作为一个独立国家的历史。中东地区的绝大多数国家过去只是奥斯曼帝国的行省(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">vilayets</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),后来由英国和法国为了自己的目的而将他们切割成当前的国家:伊拉克、叙利亚、黎巴嫩、约旦等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">巴勒斯坦问题一直以这样那样的方式出现在国际媒体上,而巴勒斯坦过去只是奥斯曼帝国的几个区。你可以一直不断地找到这里的例证,直至最近的东帝汶和科索沃。我想我可以有信心地说,如果仅就历史而言,图伯特三区(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">cholkha-sum</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)比上面提到的任何国家都更加有理由获得独立。历史固然重要,但也当然只是最终决定一个国家独立与否的因素之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民族自决权是现代国际法的基本原则,这一原则被庄严地载入了对所有联合国成员国具有约束力的《联合国宪章》,同时也被列为联合国有关人权问题的两个公约的第一条。按照民族自决权的有关规定,所有民族有权在不受外部强制和干涉的情况下,自由决定他们的政治地位。正是根据这一原则,二战结束后,几乎每一个新国家都获得了他们的独立地位。尽管在原则本身尚存一两处争议之外,在哪些团体可以合法要求获得民族自决权的问题上,也还存在一些相互冲突的定义和法律规定,但是民族自决权作为现代国际法基本原则这一事实是不存在争议的。事实上,这一原则被看成是现代国际法的根本性和被普遍接受的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">强制性规范</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> jus cogens</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因此,我认为对于我们所有人,尤其是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的信奉者和追随者,至关重要的是记住图伯特人民的民族自决权是得到联合国大会的三项决议明确承认的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——1959</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1353</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">XIV</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)号决议、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1961</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1723</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">XVI</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)号决议和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1965</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2079</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">XX</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)号决议</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">这些决议都呼吁中国尊重图伯特人民的民族自决权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“联合国大会</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">郑重重申停止剥夺图伯特人民基本人权和自由的行为的呼吁,其中包括他们的民族自决权。”(联合国大会,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1961</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年第</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1723</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">XVI</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)号决议)</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而且应该指出,联合国决议绝对清晰明了地表述了讨论的是谁的民族自决权。决议绝没有以任何方式暗示,所讨论的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">人民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">仅仅是指</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年以前在拉萨政府管辖之下的图伯特人,也没有说仅仅是指在达赖喇嘛的甘丹颇章治下的民众。决议只是说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">图伯特民众</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,而这一词语的定义,正如我在这篇文章的第一部分指出的,即便是中国也承认,包括了所有在所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">少数民族地区</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">藏族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,这意味着包括所有的康巴和安多人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我不认为在这个具体问题上,在联合国存在任何误解。在联合国有关图伯特问题的辩论以及被讨论者广泛引用的国际法律专家会议(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">International Commission of Jurists</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的两份报告中,所讨论的那些图伯特人权案例来自图伯特传统三区的各个地方。现引述如下:安多的热贡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Rigong, Amdo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、德格的宗萨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Dzongsar, Derge</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、理塘附近的拉瓦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rawa, near Lithang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、巴塘的囊桑(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nangsang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、安多的嘉央协巴和夏琼等寺院(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jayangshipa and Schachung monasteries, Amdo</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、安多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Doi-Gyatsang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">、康区的达折多(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Datsedo, Kham</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和安多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dakhang Nangkhe</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Chadze</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">等等地方,当然还有卫藏地区的地方和城镇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果你读过当时的会议记录,很明显会议代表们知道拉萨政府管辖之下的领土在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1950</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年遭到了中华人民共和国的入侵,但同时也知道还有不在拉萨政府管辖之下的图伯特地区,在这些地区发生了反抗中国统治的大起义,以及中国在这些地区犯下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">种族灭绝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">罪行。从决议的目的来看,很明显当联合国大会呼吁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">停止剥夺图伯特人民基本人权和自由的行为,包括他们的民族自决权</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的时候,他们所指的是所有图伯特传统三区的人民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">我想同样毋庸争辩的是,图伯特三区的民众也已经明确地行使了他们的自决权并表明了他们的选择</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">他们拒绝中国的统治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——1949</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月开始的发生在安多昂拉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nangra,现青海尖扎县昂拉乡,位于县城南部——译者注</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和霍木卡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hormukha,现青海尖扎县贾加乡和措周乡,位于县城西北部——译者注</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)若干武装起义、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1956</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年理塘爆发的康巴大起义以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1959</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月在拉萨发生的起义,只是其中比较重要的几起。当前正在安多和康区发生的已经超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">120</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">起自焚事件,清楚地显示了民众拒绝中国的统治,并且明确地表达了他们的诉求,呼吁图伯特的主权领袖达赖喇嘛回到他古老的首都拉萨,并由他的政府来统治一个统一而独立的图伯特。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中间道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策要求所有图伯特人去做的是,放弃他们争取独立的斗争,而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">自愿地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">选择成为中国的公民并且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">自愿地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">生活在共产党统治之下。重要的是所有图伯特人,尤其是康巴和安多人,应该懂得如果这样做他们就是实际上宣布放弃了所有图伯特人(包括康巴和安多人)迄今从联合国获得的最为重要的法律判决,实际上放弃了他们的民族自决权,而一旦他们选择</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">自愿地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">生活在共产党统治之下,他们也将在实际意义上放弃他们的基本人权。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">你们或许听过一个故事,讲的是一个美洲土著部落在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1626</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年将曼哈顿岛卖给荷兰人,得到的是相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">美元的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">玻璃珠子、纽扣和其他小玩意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,就像一首粗俗的民歌中所唱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(他们)将布朗克斯和斯坦顿岛双手奉送,得到的只是一瓶劣酒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。这个故事很可能是伪造的,由一些种族主义的“老外”(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">inji,博语,原特指英国人,后泛指所有外国人——译者注</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">杜撰,用来说明土著人是多么的愚蠢。我很想知道,将来中国的种族主义者们将会编造出什么样的故事,来炫耀北京是如何轻易地耍弄了这些愚蠢的图伯特人,让他们出卖了争取一个独立的图伯特祖国的权利还一无所得,甚至连玻璃珠和纽扣都没有,更不用说一瓶劣酒。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">2013</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年译于<span lang="EN-US">Bloomington</span>,<span lang="EN-US">Indiana<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《中藏边界问题:在印度举行的中英藏三方会议珍贵记录,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1913-1914</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">》,作者佚名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Anon. <i>The Boundary
Question between China and Tibet: A Valuable Record of the Tripartite Conference
between China, Britain and Tibet held in India, 1913-14. </i>Peking<i>. </i>1940.<i> </i>pp.1-6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《西藏现代史:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1913-1951</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,喇嘛王国的覆灭》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951; The
Demise of the Lamaist State.</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Goldstein,
Melvyn C. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1989. pp. 68-71.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《西藏政治史》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Political History of Tibet</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)作者:孜本•</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">夏格巴•</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">旺秋德丹(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shakabpa, Tsepon W.D. </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bhod Kyi SeDon Gyalrap</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Vol II, Sherig Parkhang, Dharamshala, 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《帝国棋盘上的图伯特》,作者:普利曼•艾迪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Premen Addy</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, <i>Tibet on the Imperial Chessboard</i>,
Academic Publishers, Calcutta Delhi, 1984. p.279<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[5]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">旺秋次仁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wangchuk Tsering</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),是我从父亲的母系一支算的曾祖父。他出生于安多地区,孩提时代受过中国教育。最初担任满清政府驻亚东海关专员助理,后来成为两名海关专员之一。他退休后住在大吉岭并在十三世达赖喇嘛流亡期间提供了帮助。他的家族还保存着达赖喇嘛的一封来信,授予他图伯特东部地区芒康(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Markham</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)总管的职务——旺秋次仁婉言谢绝的这一荣誉。——作者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《十三世达赖喇嘛传》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Portrait of the Dalai Lama</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),作者:查尔斯•</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">贝尔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Charles
Bell</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> , Collins, London 1946. pp 206-207.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[7]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Goldstein, ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[8]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“朗”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Lang</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,即博语“牛”)是后来僧侣集团的宣传中对拉赛达玛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lhasay Darma</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)的贬称,拉赛(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lhasay</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)意为“天子”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[9]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《朗达玛国王和他的统治》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Samten G. Karmay, “King Glang Dar-ma and his
Rule” <i>The Arrow and the Spindle, Studies in History, Myths, Rituals and
Beliefs in Tibet, Vol II</i>. Mandala Publications, Kathmandu, 2005. p.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[10]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《拉卜楞寺:亚洲内陆边区的西藏佛教社会,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1709-1958</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Paul Kocot Nietupski, <i>Labrang
Monastery: A Tibetan Buddhist Community on the Inner Asian Borderlands,
1709-1958</i>, Lexington books, UK, 2011, p. 117.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[11]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《西藏的贵族和政府》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aristocracy and Government in Tibet</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),作者:毕达克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Luciano Petech</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">p.13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[12]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Jamyang Norbu, “The Girl and the Golok
Chiefs”</span><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=8887&t=1"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=8887&t=1</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[13]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">《阿尼玛卿山脉与周边地区》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Amnye Machen Range and Adjacent Regions</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">),作者:约瑟夫•洛克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Joseph Rock</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> , Is.M.E.O., Roma, 1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-27054019754200547792013-08-10T05:33:00.000-04:002013-08-10T21:11:11.667-04:00嘉央诺布:22條軍規*: “中間道路”版的三區統一(第一部份)<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVsAF0SqbDP6Y03-fKB_zX5Djzk6VIC_gtPVudZc9G4LNG-2dIqNyylAmjdCx5r35Ty37PhmR4TLmxWu6ZHBOAw97m-fPcY886hLlfC5LZ6fmO5NM6OkBS3A6-S7G3kJnO5Y4K19vSiJk/s1600/22%E6%9D%A1%E5%86%9B%E8%A7%84.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVsAF0SqbDP6Y03-fKB_zX5Djzk6VIC_gtPVudZc9G4LNG-2dIqNyylAmjdCx5r35Ty37PhmR4TLmxWu6ZHBOAw97m-fPcY886hLlfC5LZ6fmO5NM6OkBS3A6-S7G3kJnO5Y4K19vSiJk/s640/22%E6%9D%A1%E5%86%9B%E8%A7%84.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/07/22/the-catch-22-of-middle-way-unity-part-1/">THE
CATCH-22* OF MIDDLE WAY UNITY- PART 1</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">作者:嘉央诺布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">翻译:更桑东智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">古希臘人將自問自答的修辭</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">手法</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">稱為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">設問</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> hypophora</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。爲了達到修辭效果,答案應該順暢地跟隨問題,或許還應該有一個恰到好處的停頓以增加效果。例如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">你們問,我們的目標是什麽?(停頓)我可以用一個詞給予回答:是勝利,不惜一切代價取得勝利,克服一切恐懼取得勝利,儘管獲勝的道路可能是漫長而艱辛的。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(溫斯頓</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">邱吉爾於</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1940</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日的講話)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">國際聲援西藏運動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ICT</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)的布瓊次仁啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bhuchung Tsering
la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月在明尼蘇達發表了一次有關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的講話。在他自己</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">獨具一格</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的設問句式中,可能是把這個停頓</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">掌握得过分了</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">問題為:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當我們談到圖伯特在中國佔領之前的獨立時,我們真正表述的是什麽呢?圖伯特</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的三個省份(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">three provinces</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">是否都是中國人在</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1949</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年所佔領的圖伯特的一部份呢?</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">答案是:(在幾段話之後)</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當我們談論圖伯特獨立時,我們所說的僅僅是那些共產黨佔領時在拉薩政府統治下的地區</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">……”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">接著,為了讓語義變得完整,他道出了核心意涵,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策則涵蓋了所有</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特人</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">布瓊啦給明尼蘇達的年輕圖伯特聽眾們提出(並且回答)的這個問題,現在似乎成了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策的主要理由,用來證明為何博巴們必須放棄獨立的目標並欣然接受圖伯特成為中國</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一部分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">因為只有這樣才能實現圖伯特三</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">個傳統地</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">區</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">cholkha</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的團結統一。相比我前一篇文章中討論的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">經濟學觀點,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的追隨者們似乎更加看重這種荒謬的偽歷史</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">pseudo-historical</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">論點。尊者自己今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">14</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">日</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在威斯康辛州麥迪森縣</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Madison</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的一次講話中,強調了這種理論的極端重要性。故鄉網(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phayul</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)以頭條文章報導了這次講話:</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">達賴喇嘛尊者今天說,圖伯特三區</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">康、安多和衛藏</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的團結統一,比我們的靈魂更加神聖。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">簡而言之,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策聲稱,獨立的圖伯特</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當時只</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">包括圖伯特中部和紮曲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Drichu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">即金沙江)以西的一小塊</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">康区</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,而不</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">包括</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">大部分康區和整個安多地區。因而,按照</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策的說法,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,即傳統的圖伯特三區,只有通過在中華人民共和國之內實現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">真正的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">自治和接受中共的統治,才能達成團結統一。或者如同布瓊啦信心滿滿地宣稱的:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路政策涵蓋了所有</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特人</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">首先,我們必須問一問布瓊啦,他是否真的認為中國現在已經同意了三區所有博巴可以統一在一個自治實體之中?沒有,當然沒有。刨除他言辭中無關緊要的誇張成分,布瓊啦的真正意思是說,達蘭薩拉已經請求,或者毋寧說是央求中國考慮它的提議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特作為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一個真正自治的實體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">存在於中華人民共和國之內。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">布瓊啦當然從來沒有提到過,在雙方</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">差不多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">次</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不同的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">會談</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">**</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中,北京方面已經</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">次斷然並</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一再</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">回絕了這一請求。因而,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不僅遠遠未能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">涵蓋所有的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">甚至這個漏洞百出的政策</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">都</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不能庇護我們的兩位推銷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">政策的會談代表洛第嘉日(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lodi Gyari</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和格桑堅贊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalsang Gyaltsen</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),讓他們在北京的國際媒體面前,免遭中共統戰部卑鄙骯髒的官員朱維群的無情羞辱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">其實從未有過真正合適的時機要求中國將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">擴大到目前面積的將近三倍,並由我們博巴自己來管理。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不過,如果說曾經有過那麼一次</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">差不多的</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">機會</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至少觸及到了這個問題(並且沒有人因此受到侮辱和責駡)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,那或許就是在中國首次向圖伯特領導人提出建立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TAR</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)構想</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的時候</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">此事發生在達賴喇嘛尊者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年正式訪問中國期間。在傳記《吾土吾民》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">My Land and My People</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)中,達賴喇嘛提到在他與毛澤東的第二次私人會面時,這位主席告訴他,最初曾經決定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由中央政府直接治理西藏,但是他現在認為沒有這個必要。相反,他說,他們已經決定成立</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區籌委會</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。他還徵求我的意見。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這或許是個時機向毛建議康區和安多應該成為擬議中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的一部份。這個建議具備其正當理由。首先,毛曾經向達賴喇嘛徵求意見;第二,中國方面當時承認絕大多數,或者至少</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">承認</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">很多所謂的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">少數民族地區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在民族和文化上屬於圖伯特地區;第三,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當時通往拉薩的公路尚未完工,中國對圖伯特的控制遠未穩固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">當然,中國不可能接受</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">任何类似</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這樣的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">反制</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">提議,但</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">最起碼</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可以形成一個重要的歷史事實。另外,這或許至少可以成為一個討價還價的策略,從而使得中國人在有關圖伯特政府權威等問題上做出</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">些许</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">讓步。也或許還能成為一個有效平臺,以提出</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有關</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">共產黨在康區和安多</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">地區</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的鎮壓問題。達賴喇嘛和他的政府在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">56</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年起義之前,就</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">已经</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">收到了很多來自這些地區的寺院和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">地方</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">領袖的抱怨。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是達賴喇嘛在北京並沒有提出這個建議,而甚至在後來,圖伯特政府也從來沒有提出過將康區和安多與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">合併的問題。茨仁夏加</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Tsering Shakya</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在他的圖伯特現代史著作《龍在雪域》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Dragon in the
Land of Snows</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)中說:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">看上去達賴喇嘛和圖伯特領導人似乎樂於接受成立</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">西藏自治區籌委會</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的決定。這至少是推遲了迫在眉睫的</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民主改革</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而所謂的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民主改革</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">換一種說法</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">只不過共產黨在康區和安多實行的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">攫取地方頭人和寺院傳統權威的暴力</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">行動</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">茨仁夏加還提到,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這標誌著中國人和藏人之間關係最好的一段時期。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是在拉薩有一個人</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">準備打破</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這種關係。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">恩</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">珠倉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">貢保紮西(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gompo Tashi Andrugtsang</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)實現圖伯特獨立宏大戰略的第一步,就是號召在圖伯特傳統三區的古老邊界之內,形成康區和安多與衛藏的統一。爲了象徵這種統一,他想到一個主意,用來自三區民眾的捐獻打造一個華麗的黃金法座</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">敬獻給達賴喇嘛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這是一個天才的計劃。儘管在表面上,尤其對於共產黨而言,這只不過是一個鋪張的宗教儀式,但實際上它是一個政治宣言,是一個獨立宣言,而且更是一個圖伯特三區在達賴喇嘛和他的噶丹頗章政府主權統治之下,實現團結統一的宣言。貢保紮西還利用黃金法座項目的籌備和管理結構,將其當作秘密組織</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">四水六崗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">抵抗運動的一個掩護。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">貢保紮西還曾利用歷史事實和宗教儀式推動一項武裝抵抗中國人的計劃。但是在後來的流亡社會,尤其是在達蘭薩拉,實際的爭取自由鬥爭很快變得了無生氣並且拘泥於形式。富有活力的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">概念,很快固化成為一個官方教義,一再出現在</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">圖伯特表演藝術協會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TIPA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的歌曲、學校教科書和國歌當中。在達賴喇嘛的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“3.10”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">講話以及其他的講話和文章中,這個概念也被奉為神聖。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">還成為了流亡社會組織選舉的一個框架。這個體制無視流亡社會人口的實際組成結構,也不考慮流亡博巴很快分散到南亞各地和後來散居歐美各國所帶來的問題,而這種散居本身當然並非是按照原本所在的地區。毫不令人吃驚,流亡議會實際上變成了流亡政府的一個部門和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">議員們的傳聲筒</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,他們去各處的流亡定居點和社區,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">向</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">人們</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">傳達</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">流亡政府這樣那樣的決定和政策。總而言之,議會並不代表流亡博巴的實際利益,而是一種象徵性的機構,或許可以說是代表在共產黨統治下沒有民主表達權的圖伯特傳統三區的民眾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">無人在知識領域付出努力去探討或解決</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這一提法內在的混亂和矛盾。所有博巴都瞭解,康區的大片地區和整個安多地區若干世紀以來並不在獨立的圖伯特的管轄範圍之內,而其他民族的民眾,諸如蒙古族、漢族、回族和其他民族,和博巴共同居住在這些地區。歷史學家夏格巴在他早先耶魯版的《圖伯特政治史》中,曾謹慎地將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">定義為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">民族</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">意義上</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的圖伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ethnic Tibet</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)。(第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">頁)。在經過增補的博語版中,他寫道,在薩迦統治者</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">卓根秋吉八思巴(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Drogon Chogyal
Phakpa</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">統一圖伯特時,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有一種寬泛的劃分,將圖伯特分為三個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">起源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> byung khungs khag
sum</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),這種劃分方法稱為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">頁)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是在達蘭薩拉,這些棘手問題被拋在一邊,傳統三區在那時被正式貼上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的標籤,似乎它們在共產黨入侵之前曾經是獨立圖伯特的實際的行政單位。請注意布瓊次仁啦和故鄉網的報導所使用的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">province</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一詞。從技術上講,州(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">nga-de</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和省(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">zhing-chen</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)是一個國家的細分政治單位,並且形成了具有明確邊界的實際行政區域。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">基于</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這個原因,那些謹慎的學者一直以來更願意使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">傳統區域</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> traditional
region</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)來代指</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> cholkha</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">),因為這個詞語不必像</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">省</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">那樣有明確的政治意涵,而只需要具備一些可以將其與周邊地區相區分的某些具體特徵(</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">地理的、民族的和歷史的等等)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">如果能邀請像</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">衮沃</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">夏格巴(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kungo Shakabpa</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">,“衮沃”为博语中的敬称,意即“夏格巴阁下”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)、桑丹卡爾梅啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Samten Karmay la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)和其他一些歷史學家(甚或是組織一兩次學術會議),來得出圖伯特的準確定義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">這個定義應該涵蓋傳統三區,即符合實際的歷史事實,同時在國際法的角度也是合理和有說服力的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">將會是一件明智而富有成果的事情。我想類似的事情當時完全是可以辦到的。在本文第二部份的結論中,我也將對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">給出我自己的知識方面的認定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">但是由於在達蘭薩拉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">已經罩上了由達賴喇嘛親自賦予的官方教義的光環,所有惱人的細節都被這個光環所掩蓋。一旦歷史記錄和國家政策圍繞著信仰和宣傳來組織和制定,所有細微的差別和區分都總是會消失</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的無影無蹤</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。當然,這種貪圖省事的對歷史的簡單化招來了一些圖伯特和國外學者(包括敵對的和友好的)的批評。但是,達蘭薩拉的官僚和政客對此視而不見,對於這些人而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">教義那時絕對容不得任何批評,甚至討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd;">
<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">不過這都是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年以前的事情了。現在,達賴喇嘛已經放棄了圖伯特獨立目標,現在有布瓊啦這樣的官員正在孜孜不倦地重寫官方教義,並且對新一代的博巴們解釋(用拐彎抹角的設問句)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">:</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一度被官方確立為獨立的圖伯特不可分割的三個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">省份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">為何現在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">至少是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">在</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">有關獨立圖伯特的歷史法學</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">historico-legal</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)語境中</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">看</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">是值得懷疑的,就如同中國街頭最近到處出售的怪異</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">羊肉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">修正主義者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的表述最後總是以一種讓人寬心的樂觀的調子結尾:儘管遭遇目前的挫折,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">確喀松</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">的寶貴統一依然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">並且</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">千真萬確</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">可以實現,但是只能在中國的主權範圍之內,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">而且</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">只能是在所有的博巴,尤其是那些少數聒噪的流亡活動人士,都被迫放棄了他們無望的圖伯特自由和獨立夢想之後才能實現。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">用一句神學的話講</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一個曾經不可改變的教條現在已經變成了應當遭受絕罰的異端邪說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">【注釋】</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">*</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">條軍規》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Catch 22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)是約瑟夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">海勒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Joseph Heller</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)所著的二戰諷刺小說,是美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">世紀最偉大的文學作品之一。這部小說批判了官僚主義論證方法以及經常由此產生的自相矛盾的循環邏輯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">條軍規</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">一詞現在已經意味著這樣一種矛盾的局面:一個人不能或無力避免由種種相互矛盾的制約條件或規則而導致的問題。這樣的局面通常是,解決了問題的一部分,而結果只是導致了另一個問題,並且最終導致回到了原來的問題上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“22</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">條軍規</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">經常是源自一個人必須遵守而又無法控制的規則、條例或</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">程序</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">**</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">由於進行過的會談太多,而難以一一追溯。其中,洛第嘉日和格桑堅贊領銜了九次,嘉樂頓珠十三次,居欽圖登(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Juchen Thupten</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)可能是三次,還有其他一些,我一時無法記起了。如果有人告知我確切数字,我將感激不盡。幾乎所有圖伯特談判者都時不時地受到過他們談判對手的謾駡和羞辱。實際上,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">衮沃</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">嘉樂頓珠</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Kungo Gyalo
Thondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">曾經在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">年親切地接受過我的一次採訪,他在採訪中強調說,中國領導人像對待小孩兒一樣對他講話和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">進行</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">訓斥。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-16489815271434729702013-07-29T05:11:00.000-04:002013-08-02T15:28:52.456-04:00嘉央诺布:诗人、艺术家、学者、教师和勉为其难的仁波切(含更新)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygGRrh0X0LmHjuKmNOhr8OxAWoY4EQ-elt3eJGYKkcCeUwgtOxMWS6j90yL2bUr57WZUXVsluEd6d23bDBt8gpt0ZkOfOuaEtJqBcOZaJ7s4SAQ1c0FQya63hTy0nViVH3_xyvT2Hh5A/s1600/%E7%84%B6%E6%89%8E%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhygGRrh0X0LmHjuKmNOhr8OxAWoY4EQ-elt3eJGYKkcCeUwgtOxMWS6j90yL2bUr57WZUXVsluEd6d23bDBt8gpt0ZkOfOuaEtJqBcOZaJ7s4SAQ1c0FQya63hTy0nViVH3_xyvT2Hh5A/s640/%E7%84%B6%E6%89%8E%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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ARTIST, SCHOLAR, TEACHER AND RELUCTANT RIMPOCHE</a></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rakra Thubten Choedhar (1925-2012), In Memorium.</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;">作者:嘉央諾布(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;">Jamyang Norbu</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt; text-align: right;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">翻譯:更桑東智(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Kalsang Dhondup</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文发表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">题图说明:然扎仁波切在繪製唐卡。攝影:</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Mesum Verma</span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Writers-Conf0311.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Writers-Conf0311.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">首屆圖伯特全國作家會議</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">15</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">17</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日在達蘭薩拉召開。來自印度、尼泊爾、瑞士、英國和美國的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">65</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">名作家和其他代表,參加了由阿尼瑪卿研究會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Amnye Machen Institute</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)主辦的會議,這是圖伯特社會有史以來首次舉辦這樣的會議。毫不誇張地說,對於圖伯特文學界而言是一個歷史性的時刻,甚至有圖伯特境內的作家,從遙遠的安多西寧通過電話與我們取得聯繫,表達他們的祝願。國際筆會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">PEN International</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)給我們發來了賀信,同樣發來賀信的還有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1980</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年諾貝爾文學獎得主,偉大的波蘭異見作家切斯瓦夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">米沃什(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Czeslaw Milosz</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。他在信中說:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">請接受我的祝願,我與你們休戚與共、感同身受。我也曾長期流亡,我理解你們面臨的問題和擁有的希望。你們在世界上很多國家贏得了自己的朋友,你們應該堅信,你們在孤絕的境地中進行的寫作,有朝一日必將為世人所知,並被世人心懷感激地銘記。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">參加這次會議的最年長者是然紮仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rakra Rinpoche</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),他或許也是最著名的圖伯特作家,當時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">71</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">歲。絕大多數受過教育的博巴都對他有所瞭解,因為他曾經為偉大的圖伯特學者和詩人根敦群培(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gedun Chophel</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)撰寫了傳記。然紮仁波切所著的不僅僅是第一部詳細成書的根敦群培傳記,尤為重要的是然紮仁波切還是根敦群培在拉薩期間的學生,師從根敦群培學習詩歌藝術(念阿,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nyenga</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和文學(宗日居则,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tsom rig gyutsel</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/RR-GC-Lhasa-465x276.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/RR-GC-Lhasa-465x276.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切和根敦群培啦在拉薩,約攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1949</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在圖伯特流亡社會,眾所周知,然紮仁波切是圖伯特古典詩歌藝術(博語為念阿</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nyenga</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,梵語為</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">kavya</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)最為技藝嫺熟的創作者之一。儘管受制於形式規範,仁波切的作品依然能夠帶有一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">離經叛道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,有時甚至是幽默的色彩。他創作過一篇勸世詩歌(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Khe-drong-yak sum gyi lo gyue</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。在這首詩歌中,一頭同樣鼎鼎大名的犛牛對偉大的學者根敦群培抱怨圖伯特民眾的寡情薄意。這頭犛牛列舉了亙古以來為博巴們作出的無可估量的奉獻,而忘恩負義的博巴卻不知投桃報李,不僅沒有將犛牛的威嚴形象描繪在國旗上,反而用了一種神話中的動物,讓人們想起獅子狗。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然紮仁波切在流亡社會可以說是一位無冕的桂冠詩人。在歷史學家夏格巴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">旺秋德丹(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的不朽著作《圖伯特政治史》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Political History of Tibet</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)出版時,然紮仁波切為作者創作了幾首韻律詩。這部著作再版時,稱心快意的作者將這些詩歌全文收錄於書中。在此摘錄其中一段:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">美妙的千弦之琴,向世人傳達真相,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">千百個變動的音符,真實無妄,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你當仁不讓,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">將我們歷史純潔的歌謠吟唱,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">喚醒芸芸眾生,遠離無盡夢鄉。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1969</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,在圖伯特全民起義十周年之際,知識出版社(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sheja Publication</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)以小冊子的形式散發了仁波切創作的長詩《來自庫達鳥的消息》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The Message of the Khugda Bird</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。在圖伯特關於鳥類的神話傳說中,這種鳥被認為是百鳥之王布穀鳥(庫玉</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">khyu-yug</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的傳令官或信使。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MotherChild-copy-208x465.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MotherChild-copy-208x465.jpg" width="283" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">版畫《難民》(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Flüchtlingen</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)<br />作者:哲彤</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">·</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在仁波切的詩歌中,這只信使鳥從圖伯特一路飛往印度。途中,它遇到一位流亡異鄉的年輕人,它向這位年輕人描述了圖伯特民眾在中國的軍事佔領之下,遭受的可怕苦難。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我想是在同一年,仁波切製作了一幅出色的木刻版畫,內容是一位元母親帶著孩子逃離遭受戰火蹂躪的圖伯特。這幅名為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">難民</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Flüchtlingen</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,德文</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的版畫,被複製為很多印刷品和明信片,用來為裴斯塔洛齊兒童村(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pestalozzi Children’s Village</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)募集資金。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,數百位流亡活動人士舉行了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">返回圖伯特和平行進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的活動,然紮仁波切為這次活動創作了一首</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2008/05/10/a-song-for-the-march-to-tibet/"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">祈禱歌</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,他請求圖伯特所有古老的神靈保佑這些行進者,指引他們穿越高山隘口</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在行進的道路上,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所有半途而廢的念頭早已拋在腦後,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我們的雙腳催促我們邁步走向圖伯特,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">走向拉薩,眾神的住所,民眾的聚集地,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這裡是所有博巴的首都,她比生命更加寶貴</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">朋友啊,請不要現在就敬上迎賓的美酒,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我們有足夠的時間歡聚、暢飲和慶祝,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">讓我們首先去往覺康(大昭寺),</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">把覺臥仁波切敬拜。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然紮仁波切還會為像洛薩(圖伯特新年)這樣的圖伯特曆法中吉祥的日子,創作了一些應時應景的詩歌。他通常用自己原創的韻律詩給達賴喇嘛和尊者的兩位老師</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">林仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ling Rimpoche</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和赤江仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Trijang Rimpoche</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)獻上新年祝願。一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">位</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">圖伯特文學家告訴我,如果尊者的私人秘書費心保存這些詩歌,應該可以編輯成冊了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這位多少有些不合規範的圖伯特喇嘛出生于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1925</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年(博曆火牛年),父親是哲彤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">久美嘉措(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gyurme Gyatso Tethong</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),後來曾擔任德格總管(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Derge chikyap</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),母親是卓瑪茨仁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dolma Tsering</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),娘家姓氏為絨迪吉林(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rong Dikyiling</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,全名為迪吉林夏旺茨仁繞丹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dikyiling Sawang Tsering Rabten</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。來自德格大寺的堪欽阿旺桑丹洛卓(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Khenchen Ngawang Samten Lodroe</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1868-1931</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)給這個男孩取名為仁增朗傑(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rigzin Namgyal</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。在兩歲的時候,他被認定為康區帕雪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pakshoe</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)寺的第六世然紮仁波切。這位男孩的父親一開始不同意他出家為僧,但是在十三世達賴喇嘛親自認定之後,久美嘉措只好放棄自己的兒子。達賴喇嘛給這個男孩取名為然紮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">土登曲紮(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rakra Thubten Choedar</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/RakraTomjor-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="396" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/RakraTomjor-.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮朱古(左側馬上)被帶往八宿</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Pakshoe</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">寺。右邊馬上是他的哥哥索朗妥覺(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sonam Tomjor</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。攝影:哲彤</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">久美嘉措(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Gyurme Gyatso Tethong</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切首先在八宿寺接受教育,並從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1935</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年開始在哲蚌寺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Drepung monastery</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)接受正規教育,主要是在果芒紮倉的崗如康村(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ghungru <i>khamtsen</i></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。他天資聰穎,有很好的學習能力。非常幸運的是,他的首席經師是一位學識淵博同時具備非同一般的寬廣胸懷的格西(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">geshe</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,相當於佛學博士</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。這位格西似乎給年輕的然紮仁波切留下了深刻的印象。在後來的生活中,他時常提到他的老師,甚至在和像我這樣的人的交談中也不例外</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我的老師,格西</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">阿旺巴登(</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Geshe Ngawang Palden</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),像父親一樣對待我。他是一個心胸開闊的人,他喜歡(民間)舞蹈,喜歡唱歌。他給我講述了很多動聽的故事。他也非常虔誠。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">通常,完成涵蓋佛學各個方面知識的完整格西課程無論如何要花費</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">12</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年甚至到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">40</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年的時間,這還不包括密宗(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tantric</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)部份的修習。而然紮仁波切只用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年時間,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">19</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">歲時獲得了格西學位中最高等級的拉然巴(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Lharampa</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)稱號。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他隨後進入拉薩的居麥寺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gyume</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">下密院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)開始佛教密宗的修習。與在哲蚌寺一樣,他的修習成績非常出眾。在居麥寺的生活是艱苦的。那是整個圖伯特地區對所有學僧實施佛教戒律(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">vinaya</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)最為嚴格和苛刻的少數寺院機構之一。這個寺院還與眾不同地並且毫不妥協地實行平等主義,在寺院紀律和生活條件方面對待高級喇嘛、貴族兒子或者來自農民家庭的僧人都一視同仁。然紮仁波切後來這樣回憶他在居麥寺的生活:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我在居麥寺度過了一生中最為愉快和歡樂的時光。我們平等相待,刻苦學習,吃著同樣的食物,睡在同一個大廳裡,一起長途跋涉。那是一段有很多清規戒律的艱苦生活。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在此期間,然紮仁波切開始師從偉大的學者根敦群培,學習圖伯特古典詩歌藝術(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">nyenga</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和文學(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">tsom rig gyutsel</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)以及高級文法(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">sumtag</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),並且開始對根敦群培有所瞭解。當時,根敦群培啦住在果芒康薩(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gomang Khangsar</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的一所小房子裡,位於帕廓地區的北端,離居麥寺很近。然紮仁波切的哥哥索朗妥覺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sonam Tomjor</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)當時是哲彤家族的領袖。他是根敦群培的密友和酒伴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1949</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,在他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">23</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">歲時,然紮仁波切在下密院獲得了俄然巴學位。在下密院的最後一年,作為獎勵,他還被授予</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">鐵棒喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> gyegoe</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的頭銜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切(居中者)作為鐵棒喇嘛,帶領居麥寺的喇嘛們行進在拉薩的默朗欽莫法會(傳召大法會)上。攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1950</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月到</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">3</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月間。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在格魯派的學術等級中,同時擁有拉然巴和俄然巴</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ngagrampa</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">學位的喇嘛並不多見。顯然,然紮仁波切必將在官方寺院系統中大有作為,甚至最終成為甘丹赤巴(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ganden Tripa</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,甘丹寺法台)也並非不可能,這是格魯派等級中最高的佛學和學術職位。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然而,他在第二年還戒於他的根本上師莫確仁波切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mogchok Rimpoche</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。當時,他的哥哥索朗妥覺被任命為設於噶倫堡的圖伯特貿易代表處助理,已經離開拉薩去了印度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">9</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月,在共產黨進攻昌都前大約一個月,他的姐姐拉旺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洛桑德吉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Lobsang Deki Lhawang</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,我的母親)帶著然紮仁波切和我一道,離開拉薩前往印度。我(嘉央諾布)當時年僅一歲半,唯有一張泛黃的照片確切地證實當時我也在場。這張照片拍攝於拉薩老城旁邊的八朗學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Banakshol</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)屋頂上,照片上有我的母親和然紮仁波切,以及還是個嬰兒的我。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切,我(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">JN</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和我的母親在八朗學哲彤家宅院的屋頂上。攝影:哲彤</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">拉旺普格(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">T. Lhawang Pulger</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在噶倫堡,然紮仁波切開始跟隨俄羅斯東方學家喬治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">羅列赫(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_de_Roerich"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">George Roerich</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)學習梵文,之前根敦群培曾給他寫過一封推薦信。仁波切後來在泰戈爾(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rabindranath Tagore</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)創辦的著名的聖蒂尼克坦國際大學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Shantiniketan</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)繼續學習梵文,並且在那裡開始接觸印度和西方的繪畫與藝術。國際大學希望他留下教授圖伯特語言和佛教,但仁波切當時獲得了印度政府的獎學金前往位於浦那(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Poona</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的班達迦東方研究院(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),跟隨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Vasudev Gokhale</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">教授繼續他的梵文研究。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切擔任全印廣播公司(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">AIR</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)新聞播音員。大約攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1959</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: start;">.</span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1956</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年,然紮仁波切進入全印廣播公司(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">All India Radio</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)博語部,並在那裡工作到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1960</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。他同時還在德里大學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Delhi University</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)擔任梵文助理講師。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1959</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年他同來自拉達克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ladakh</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)帕耶(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Phey</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的拉傑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">桑丹卓瑪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Samten Dolma Lharjé</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)結婚。卓瑪啦當時在全印廣播公司的拉達克語部工作,她的家庭是拉達克傳統醫學(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">lharjé</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)世家,她的父親是當地非常有名的醫生。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,然紮仁波切應達賴喇嘛的哥哥塔澤仁波切之請,前往瑞士管理安置在裴斯塔洛齊國際兒童村(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pestalozzi International Children’s Village</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的圖伯特流亡兒童,這個兒童村最初是在二戰後為接納歐洲流散兒童而創立的。然紮仁波切原來打算繼續進行他的圖伯特和印度佛教文學研究,並希望去英國從事研究工作。但是,他明白當前任務的緊迫性,於是接受了請求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切、卓瑪啦和他們的女兒茨仁曲珍(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tsering Chounzom</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)抵達裴斯塔洛齊國際兒童村。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1960</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月,然紮仁波切和他的妻子卓瑪啦,以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">20</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">名圖伯特流亡兒童開始了在裴斯塔洛齊兒童村的生活。兒童村中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">博巴之家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Tibeter Heim</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)名為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">雍布拉康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> Yumbu Lakang</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),是一座三層的瑞士農舍,其中沒有佛堂。所以然紮仁波切著手進行改造,他設計了一個傳統的佛壇,並親手用粘土塑造了一尊佛像放置在餐廳佛堂的中心位置,以使孩子們在進餐前就可以念誦佛教祝禱詞。達賴喇嘛的一張大幅油畫肖像也放置在那裡。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然紮仁波切還為孩子們編寫了自己的博文教科書。我記得其中有一本是《佛陀的童年》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Children’s Life of the Buddha</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),他親自編寫並繪製插圖。而後在裴斯塔洛齊的辦公室裡逐頁複印並裝訂成冊。然紮仁波切在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1983</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年首次對外公佈這本小冊子,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年由塔仁(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Taring</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)夫人在印度出版。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">儘管然紮仁波切能夠熟練地使用古典博文,但是他認為在新聞媒體和小學教育中應該使用更為通俗的書寫語言。他對流亡政府編制的教科書的品質感到不太滿意。在一次採訪中,他解釋了自己的觀點:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我曾經多次勸說達蘭薩拉的圖伯特政府,編寫簡單的兒童讀物或是發行一份使用口頭語言而不是學術語言寫作的報紙,從而讓普通圖伯特民眾有東西閱讀。很多博巴不同意我的看法,但是我相信我們必須進行改變。文學語言無助于對普通民眾的教育。這使得普通民眾懵懂無知。在達蘭薩拉,給孩子們教授的語言主要是文學語言,而孩子們無法將這些語言應用在日常生活中,因為文學語言和普通口頭語言有著不同的語彙、詞形變化和結構。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我用口頭語言為這裡圖伯特社區的孩子們,編寫了幾本兒童讀物,我還打算將圖伯特文學作品轉變為通俗語言。圖伯特的教育依然過於精英化。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切在裴斯塔洛齊給圖伯特兒童講課</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">若干年裡,在教育眾多的兒童成為優秀的佛教徒和圖伯特人的同時,然紮仁波切也一直堅持自己的寫作,並持續不斷地推出一系列著作和小冊子,這些作品絕大多數是由達蘭薩拉的圖伯特文獻檔案圖書館(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">LTWA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)出版發行。他對他的導師根敦群培翻譯的印度史詩《羅摩衍那》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ramayana</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)進行了增補,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">原來</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">譯著的結尾部分不幸遺失。他還將黎吉生所稱的根敦群培</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">未完著作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">《白史</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">圖伯特政治史》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">White Annals, The Political History of Tibet</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),續寫至帝國時期的結束。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他還進行繪畫和素描創作:包括傳統的唐卡、油畫甚至還有逗孩子們高興的小卡通。然紮仁波切的藝術作品不僅反映了他的詩歌老師根敦群培的一些自然主義風格,同時還可以看出印度現代藝術傳統的影響,這大概是得益於他在聖蒂尼克坦度過的時光,以及那裡著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kala Bhavan</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">藝術學院,這所學院的院長</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Nandalal Bose</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的藝術風格深受阿旃陀(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Ajanta</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)佛教壁畫的影響。然紮仁波切還為孩子們的演出寫作劇本並且親自設計服裝和佈景。他教會孩子們,甚至包括女孩子跳寺院的金剛法舞,並讓他們在兒童村的活動中進行表演。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/0071-465x256.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/0071-465x256.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切帶領孩子們演唱圖伯特歌曲。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切的生活豐富而充實。由於他不是瑞士公民,因此沒有義務參加國民服務,但是他自願加入了特羅根消防隊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Trogen Fire Brigade</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。他在那裡的工作,以及後來和其他消防員們把酒言歡給他留下了美好回憶,這些消防員大多是瑞士的農夫和牧民。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他喜歡每晚來上幾瓶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">舒晨嘉登</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Shutzengarten</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)啤酒,偶爾會喝上一杯當地的紅葡萄酒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Dol</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。他的煙斗幾乎從不離手。他是一位好丈夫,也是一位盡職的父親,不僅僅是對他自己的子女而言,對他所撫養的眾多的圖伯特孩子而言同樣如此。他們都叫他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">爸啦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Pala</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),他們或許還依然記得他講過的那些鬼怪故事:比如《昌都的豬頭魔女》(羌都帕覺瑪</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">chamdo phagjoma</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),《察雅的妖怪》(紮雅冬則</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">drayak dongdre</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),當然肯定還有《哲蚌寺的驢頭格西》(哲蚌格西崩古</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">drepung geshe bhungu</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/006-465x309.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/006-465x309.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切和孩子們一起製作洛薩卡賽(</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Losar khapsay</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,即新年糕點</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切還做得一手好菜,是製作肉餡餅(夏帕勒</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">shabhalep</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)的專家,尤其是那種鬆軟可口的蒙古式肉餡餅。仁波切製作的披薩餅讓人驚歎,可以輕鬆滿足一大家子人的胃口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">經常是一家老小還有很多朋友。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/0101-465x195.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/0101-465x195.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">幾代裴斯塔洛齊圖伯特兒童重聚一堂。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">儘管然紮仁波切一直以一種非常專注和全心全意的態度進行自己的修行,但他是少數幾位沒有進行過公開傳法活動的高僧大德之一,尤其是沒有以那種正規的寺院方式。他給孩子們傳授佛法並且允許就宗教問題進行討論和質疑。他對我非常耐心,總是盡心盡力地回答我在這方面很多並且經常是幼稚的問題。那種中規中矩的演講方式似乎不合仁波切的風格,他是一位閒適而風趣的人。每次阿尼瑪卿研究會安排他在達蘭薩拉進行一些公開演講,他總是會跑題並且以講一個與主題無關的笑話或故事而結尾。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">和另外一位我熟悉的轉世喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2008/09/17/remembering-the-first-rangzen-marcher/"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">塔澤仁波切</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(達賴喇嘛的長兄)一樣,然紮仁波切也是一位你和他在一起時無需拘泥禮節的人。儘管這兩位喇嘛都是按照宗教學術傳統接受的教育和培養,但是儘管如此,他們兩位的理念和態度都相當令人耳目一新地現代、理性和人道主義。事實上,這兩位喇嘛都有很好的判斷力甚至是很好的個人體驗,從而對根本性的朱古制度(即轉世制度)產生嚴肅的質疑,而正是這種制度最初造就了他們。保羅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">威廉姆斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Paul Williams</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)教授在他的一本關於第六世達賴喇嘛的書中,提到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然紮朱古坦率地承認,他不喜歡朱古制度。他講到一個例子,在印度的圖伯特流亡社會找到了據說是一位上師的轉世,結果卻發現這位上師還活在圖伯特境內。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然紮仁波切一直堅持寫作,直到生命最後時刻。他努力完成了中國前往印度的最早的旅行者法顯遊歷印度(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">399-414</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的筆記,這位元僧人去印度尋求律藏經典(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">vinaya-pitaka</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。仁波切的女兒澤旺曲雅(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tsewang Chogyal</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)協助他完成了這項工作。在由圖伯特文獻檔案中心出版的這部譯著中,然紮仁波切加上了印度早期的佛教遺跡,彌補了法顯原作的遺漏。他還完成了哲彤家族史的第一稿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年夏天,我在瑞士花費了四天時間幫助他核對事實。那是我最後一次見到他。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Family_1988-465x460.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="632" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Family_1988-465x460.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切與家人。攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1988</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">7</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">日離世,享年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">87</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">歲。他身後留下的家人有妻子桑丹卓瑪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Samten Dolma</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">);女兒茨仁曲珍(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tsering Choezom</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、丹增曲珍(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tenzin Choezom</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和甘登曲珍(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ganden Choezom</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">);兒子丹增旺波(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Tenzin Wangpo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)、仁增旺波(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Rinzin Wangpo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和很多孫子孫女。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">今年的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">6</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日,仁波切的家人齊集日貢(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rikon</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)寺,為然紮仁波切舉行隆覺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">longchö</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)儀式,紀念他逝世一周年。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">7</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">10</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日,曾經出版過然紮仁波切四部著作的圖伯特文獻檔案圖書館和阿尼瑪卿研究會會長紮西次仁啦,在圖書館所在地達蘭薩拉的崗欽吉松(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Gangchen Kyishong</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),為然紮仁波切的文學和藝術作品舉辦了公開展覽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(我必須要感謝茨仁啦、甘丹啦、旺波啦和</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TC</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">啦,感謝他們提供的資料和照片;還要感謝紮西次仁啦對我的文章進行一絲不苟的核對,並在我沒有把握的地方提供了更加準確的日期和人名。)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TETHONG_7130_11-465x460.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="632" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/TETHONG_7130_11-465x460.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">然紮仁波切的畫室。攝影:</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Manuel Bauer</span></i></td></tr>
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<b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有關然紮仁波切悼念文章的一些更新</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/07/18/some-updates-on-rakra-rimpoche-obituary/"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">SOME
UPDATES ON RAKRA RIMPOCHE OBITUARY</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">發表于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">18</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">不少讀者在評論中索取有關然紮仁波切作品和詩歌的資料。他的一些著作可以在圖伯特文獻檔案圖書館找到,但是他的很多短篇作品和詩歌因絕版而無法獲得。他的遺屬已計畫出版他的文集,並將向感興趣的讀者告知有關資訊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">圖伯特文獻檔案圖書館和阿尼瑪卿研究會會長紮西次仁啦,舉辦了一個有關然紮仁波切的研討會。很多著名圖伯特學者和作家,包括吞紮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">阿嘎桑傑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Naga Sangay Tendar </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">啦、紮西次仁啦、阿嘉亞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">·</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">嘎瑪門朗啦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Acharya Karma Monlam la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、索朗嘉稱啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Sonam Gyaltsen la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和瓊茨仁啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Chung Tsering la</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),在會上發言。據說,儘管時值季風雨時節,會場依然座無虛席。達蘭薩拉的新聞媒體也參加了會議。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我一定要感謝拉崗曲紮啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.khabdha.org/?p=49441">Lhagang Chodak</a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)將我的這篇悼念文章譯成博語並發表在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">哈達網</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Khabda</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。哈達網的編輯們還發表了多吉旺秋啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.khabdha.org/?p=49947">Dorje Wangchuk la </a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)、格西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">索朗益西啦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.khabdha.org/?p=49923">Geshe Sonam Yeshey la</a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.khabdha.org/?p=49833"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">其他一些人</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有關然紮仁波切的紀念文章。紮西次仁啦已經寫作了一篇詳細記錄仁波切生平和著作的長文,將會刊登在下一期圖伯特文獻檔案圖書館發行的博語雜誌《当木措》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tam Tsog</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">仁波切最後發表的文章是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2012</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">13</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日為流亡報紙《圖伯特時報》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://tibettimes.net/news.php?id=6380" target="_blank">Tibet Times</a></span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)撰寫的一篇評論,當時離他去世不到兩個月。他在文章中反駁了那些反對圖伯特獨立的言論。這篇文章的英文譯文發表在讓贊聯盟網站(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.rangzen.net/2013/07/17/the-truthful-statement-of-the-old-tibetan-rakra-tethong/#more-6217">Rangzen.net</a></span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。然紮仁波切是一位溫文爾雅的藝術型人士,某種程度上不太關心政治。但是在生命最後的日子裡,圖伯特境內年輕人的英雄主義行為讓他深為感動,他努力在思想意識領域捍衛他祖國的自由,反駁那些正在對其進行破壞的人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/cov_hindi1-184x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/cov_hindi1-184x300.jpg" /></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">瓊茨仁啦告訴我,他已經編輯了然紮仁波切翻譯的《五卷書》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Panchatantra</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),這是一部不朽的古印度寓言和動物故事彙編,《伊索寓言》、《拉封丹寓言》以及其他著名的類似故事集都可以從這部書中找到淵源。此譯著由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">CTA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">教育部於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2010</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年出版,並且可以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.sherig.org/tb/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/rGyun-Chags-lnga-pa1.pdf"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">下載</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">免費的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">PDF</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">版本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">仁波切的一位女兒在電子郵件中對我說,當他最後不得不住進醫院時,他還打算將安東萬(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Antoine de Saint-Exupérynovella</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的《小王子》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The Little Prince</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)翻譯為博語。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他在醫院病床上的最後時日,都在讀這本書的英文版和印地語版,並且做了筆記。他和平常一樣忙碌,直到生命的最後一刻。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "PMingLiU","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-11504288908867829062013-07-06T05:22:00.000-04:002013-07-18T14:09:10.545-04:00嘉央诺布: 给“中间道路”经济学家们的一堂专门课<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf2esTQhezbzGd6Wdtttgi1ILhT4kHO2UYN492zV6mQRHaZpRkTRXzDQZJtwvrMcJ8K26eKbiJ-RK3oqt11BEEtgMw-uFZ4macAxNyqKqVDU6NvX8KlgJoRayqQ8SPDS7P_BiEo0J37pg/s1600/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf2esTQhezbzGd6Wdtttgi1ILhT4kHO2UYN492zV6mQRHaZpRkTRXzDQZJtwvrMcJ8K26eKbiJ-RK3oqt11BEEtgMw-uFZ4macAxNyqKqVDU6NvX8KlgJoRayqQ8SPDS7P_BiEo0J37pg/s640/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/06/20/middle-way-economics-one-on-one/"><span style="font-size: large;">MIDDLE
WAY ECONOMICS: ONE-ON-ONE</span></a></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> 原文发表于:2013年6月20日</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">前往噶倫堡的羊毛商隊,攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1938</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">F. Bailey Vanderhoef Jr</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">作為讓贊事業的發言人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">儘管是一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">不怎麼樣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的非正式發言人,讓我相當沮喪的事情之一是,我必須時不時參加一些由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">自由圖伯特學生運動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">SFT</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">圖伯特青年大會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)或是其他機構主辦的一些有關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">與讓贊的辯論。我不是一個出色的辯才,不過這還是最小的問題。問題在於,我必須眼看著一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">成年人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(而且我和他們還曾經一度交好)令人尷尬地說出那些愚蠢和信口開河的言論,只是爲了迎合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的高層人士。這確實是一個令人沮喪的經歷。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我想是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在紐約市主辦的一次辯論會上(由自由亞洲電臺的卡瑪如康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[Karma Zurkhang]</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">主持),司政洛桑森格提出了現在聲名狼藉的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“U-Rang”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">構想。後來在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">SFT</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在艾莫利大學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Emory University</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)舉辦了一次辯論會。在這次辯論會上,達賴喇嘛駐紐約代表洛桑念紮(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Lobsang Nyendak</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)提出了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路的經濟學論據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。他說,由於圖伯特是一個內陸國家,所以必須成為中華人民共和國的一部份,只有如此博巴們才能通過中國的港口將他們的產品運往世界各地並且分享中國的經濟繁榮。平心而論,我應該指出這個言論並非洛桑念紮先生的原創。實際上,在討論期間散發的官方有關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的小冊子裡,就包括了這些言論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,尊者自己就曾經在一系列採訪中說,由於圖伯特在經濟上是一個不發達國家,成為中國和中國繁榮經濟的一部份對圖伯特是有益的。尊者也說,由於圖伯特是一個內陸國家,所以有必要成為中國的一部份,從而獲得出海口。我曾經在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2013/04/blog-post_21.html"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">發表于《圖伯特評論》的一篇文章</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中提到此事。當時我覺得這或許只是一個即席講話,而未作深究。我在文章中說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我並非在此爭論尊者在經濟和地緣政治上的觀點,但是可以非常肯定地說,他最近的講話讓很多追隨者徹底感到困惑和灰心喪氣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但是現在看來這似乎並非是一個未經準備的即席講話。這個講話明顯代表了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">理論的基本經濟學論點。而且既然所有人都比以往任何時候更加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">徹底感到困惑和灰心喪氣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我想這麼說是有把握的,那麼或許是時候對這個講話進行一些分析,看它是否經得起嚴格的檢驗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">身處內陸並不能讓一個國家就因此有必要放棄自己的獨立去加入一個沿海國家,我或許可以指出,當前世界上有</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">48</span></b><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">個獨立的內陸國家</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而且</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">谢天谢地,这些国家</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">都</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">发展</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">得相當不錯</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">其中</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">像</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">瑞士、奧地利、盧森堡和列支敦士登這樣的內陸國家,甚至在當前的歐洲經濟危機中依然能保持經濟繁榮。我或許還應該指出,這四個貨真價實的內陸國家的狀況要遠遠好於希臘、西班牙和義大利,而這三個國家可能擁有比其他任何歐洲國家更長的海岸線。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">世界上其他的內陸國家也都在設法在當前全球化經濟環境中保持自己應有的地位,同他們周圍的沿海國家相比或許可以說是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">各有千秋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。圖伯特的老鄰居蒙古國、不丹和尼泊爾都當然完全是內陸國家。儘管他們都有自己的經濟或政治問題,但是這些問題是否源自他們是內陸國家則很值得懷疑。不管怎樣,我確信,無論他們面臨的問題有多麼嚴重,也不會有人建議他們放棄自己的獨立而成為中國的一部分,從而可以利用上海或深圳這樣的港口。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">要是想從事海上貿易或是捕魚業,作為內陸國家當然有其劣勢。然而,有些經濟學家曾經提出一種觀點,認為作為一個內陸國家或許實際上是上蒼隱秘的眷顧,因為內陸本身形成了一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">天然的關稅壁壘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,可以保護一個國家免遭廉價進口商品的衝擊。在某些情況下,作為內陸國家還會導致形成一個更加健康的當地食物結構,和一個更加自力更生的經濟結構。我們還應當牢記在心的是,亞洲和非洲的沿海國家是最早受到歐洲列強的佔領和淪為殖民地的,而身處內陸的圖伯特或許是最後一個非殖民地國家,大英帝國雖然向圖伯特派遣過遠征軍,但是卻遭遇了幾乎無法解決的後勤保障問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">馱運羊毛的騾子進入噶倫堡,攝於</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1953</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">James Burke</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">LIFE.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">不過,無論多麽地處偏遠和路途艱難,圖伯特在過去一直同鄰近國家保持著相當興隆而獲利頗豐的商業關係。圖伯特的出口產品包括:鹽巴、麝香、冬蟲夏草</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">caterpillar-fungus</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">和其他草藥,牛羊肉,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">大型</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">皮張,野生動物皮毛,帕須彌那披肩(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">pashmina</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),沙圖什(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">shahtoosh</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">),當然還有最有利可圖的羊毛。到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1950</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年,圖伯特出口美國、英國、義大利和日本的羊毛,每年大約價值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">200</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">萬美元,在戰前的年代裡,這無疑是一大筆收入。</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Mule-Caravan-465x277.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="380" src="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Mule-Caravan-465x277.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">抵达噶伦堡</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">11</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">英里处的羊毛商队,摄于</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1953</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">James Burke, LIFE</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在那個時代的亞洲高原,沒有任何可以與之匹敵的大宗交易。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">二戰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">初期,圖伯特商人給中華民國提供了大量各種各樣的物資,包括盤尼西林、勞力士手錶、派克金筆、蘇格蘭威士忌、法國白蘭地等等等等,給每一個從噶倫堡到拉薩,甚至遠至麗江的經商者創造了一個財富傳奇。我正在搜集整理有關資料,因此我不能在此做更加詳細的描述。有興趣的讀者可以購買即將出版的書籍。但是我可以負責任地說,在那一段時間,我從沒遇見過一個博巴,無論是農民還是牧民或是商販,手上沒有一塊腕表,或者是勞力士,或者是歐米茄,不過更多時候是價廉物美的瑞士表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“West End”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">。我想,你不會在同一個時期的印度、尼泊爾或是中國農民的身上見到這樣的物件。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">圖伯特羊毛商人從騾子上卸載羊毛</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">,摄于</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">1951</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年。</span></i><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Hulton-Deutsch</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">此一商業活動的最終目的地是加爾各答,如果你查看地圖,此地離拉薩相對較近,直線距離只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">500</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">英里,而上海距離拉薩的直線距離將近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2000</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">英里,是加爾各答的差不多四倍。我在一些資料上看到過,甚至滿清的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">駐藏大臣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">都是通過加爾各答來拉薩的。共產黨佔領圖伯特之後的第一任行政首長張經武,也沒有隨同他的部隊從昌都到達拉薩,而是選擇了更加便捷的海路取道加爾各答。</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">守護商隊的獒犬</span></i></td></tr>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">你可以從加爾各答乘坐夜間直達列車前往西裡古裡</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">Siliguri</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">),然後再搭乘吉普車花兩個小時到達噶倫堡。從噶倫堡到拉薩,騎馬需要十七八天,每天輕鬆地走上大約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">20</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">英里。大衛•麥克唐納(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">David MacDonald</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">)提到他的女婿佩裡上尉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">Captain Perry</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">)曾經騎馬用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">76</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">小時從江孜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">Gyangtse</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">)趕到大吉嶺。而如果騎馬從北京前往拉薩,隨隨便便要花上幾個月的時間。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> “</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">青藏鐵路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2006</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年建成之前,聯繫拉薩與中國的重大問題一直沒有得到解決,儘管中國在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">60</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">60</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年代進行了大量的公路建設。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1999</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日出版的《遠東經濟評論》上有一篇報導稱,北京向印度提議開放一條陸上路線,以便通過加爾各答港口進行圖伯特相關的進出口業務。此一提議需要同圖伯特簽訂一個運輸協議,類似于同古老的獨立王國尼泊爾和不丹之間已經簽訂的相關協議。但是印度則希望在討論貿易路線之前,首先解決中印邊界問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“中間道路”經濟學家們應該注意到,不丹和尼泊爾與印度之間存在的運輸協議,這些協議是在六十年代簽訂的。而獨立的圖伯特與英屬印度和後來獨立的印度之間早就存在一個非正式協議,這份非正式協議應該算作圖伯特在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1904</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《拉薩協定》中所做的貿易讓步的間接受益。如果圖伯特能夠一直保持一個獨立國家的地位,勢必會形成一個更加正式的協議。聯合國《海洋法公約》賦予內陸國家“免繳過境國運輸稅賦”而往返出海港口的權利。聯合國還有一個援助內陸發展中國家的行動計劃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">總而言之,一個國家絕對沒有理由因為身處內陸而放棄自己的主權。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">我們不知疲倦的“中間道路”辯論家們還有另外一個一直拿出來炫耀的論調,為的是說明作為中國的一部份能給圖伯特帶來多少利益。這個論調拿歐盟作為對比,說明作為歐盟成員國是如何有利於像愛爾蘭或葡萄牙這樣的小國。這顯然是一個極為有害的似是而非的廢話,尤其是“中間道路”的理論家們一直沒有告訴他們的目標受眾(定居點里的老阿爸和老阿媽),成為歐盟的成員是完全建立在自願基礎上的,歐盟的每一個成員國依然保有自己的主權和在聯合國的席位。將這樣一個由獨立國家組成的共同聯盟與共產黨中國對圖伯特粗暴入侵和佔領相提並論,就如同將成年人之間兩情相悅的合法婚姻同用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.made-in-china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/Electric_Baton.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #0b5394;">中國製造的<span lang="EN-US">電警棍</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">進行的强暴混為一談。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">但是,在圖伯特民眾正在遭受壓迫、遭受邊緣化和遭受盤剝而瀕臨功能性滅絕的時候;在超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">119</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">名抗議者自焚身亡,拼死向世界證明“沒有獨立,圖伯特必將滅亡”(帕莫頓珠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[Phagmo Dhondup]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">語)的時候,“中間道路”說客們的這種明目張膽的自以為是和虛偽的“經濟學”觀點,應該會讓所有可敬的、智慧的和思想自由的博巴相信,“中間道路”已經不能繼續被看做一個全國性的政策,甚至是在最為臨界的概念上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">一段時間以來,我一直把整個“中間道路”的高層策劃者和它那些忠誠而頭腦簡單的追隨者歸為某種癲狂的宗派,尤其他們的“大祭司”桑東仁波切充滿熱情地宣佈“青藏鐵路”(現在已經成為中國向圖伯特移民的快速通道)代表著圖伯特民眾獲得的真正的經濟利益。或許仁波切所表達的意思,正如加利福尼亞的一個教派領袖幾年前所宣稱的,外星人的太空船代表了從天而降的啟示對他的追隨者的救贖。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1997</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">26</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日,聖地亞哥警方發現了馬歇爾•阿普爾懷特(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Marshall Applewhite</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">39</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">名“天堂之門”(</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Heaven’s Gate</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)教派追隨者的遺體。這些人相信會有一艘外星人的太空船在海爾波普彗星(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Comet Hale–Bopp</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)最為明亮的時候降臨地球。爲了趕上這艘太空船,他們決定集體自殺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-56963648910069757332013-06-22T06:51:00.000-04:002013-06-24T11:50:00.081-04:00嘉央諾布:《口稱中道,心儀讓贊?》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://www.jamyangnorbu.com/blog/2013/06/06/rangzen-in-your-heart/">RANGZEN
IN YOUR HEART?</a></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">原文發表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在最近訪問美國期間,尊者達賴喇嘛在威斯康辛州麥迪遜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZVQ--stu7k"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">會見了一群圖伯特學生</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。其中一位學生提出的一個問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">說的婉轉一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">讓尊者非常不愉快。這位學生磕磕巴巴地提出了自己的問題,而且總體上相當笨拙,在我看來他似乎是在某人的唆使之下(或許是某位更年長的人,但肯定是一位政治人物)提出這個意味深長的問題。但或許我是錯的。這個問題有關一位流亡議會的議員,提問者不願意說出他的名字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這位學生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">看上去確實不知道自己在說什麽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">問尊者,那位圖伯特議員爲什麽說達賴喇嘛即倡導</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,也</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">主張</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">徹底獨立?爲什麽會允許如此嚴重的錯誤(或許應該是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">矛盾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">?)發生?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尊者用他一貫坦率的方式開門見山地回答了這個問題。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">尊者</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">說,沒有必要隱瞞這位議員的名字,並且</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">說</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他的名字是噶瑪群培(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Karma Chophel</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。尊者還糾正了這位同學的錯誤。尊者說,噶瑪群培曾經宣稱,儘管達賴喇嘛嘴裡說的是自治,但是心裡是主張獨立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">噶瑪群培啦其實從未說過如此沒有遮攔的話,他是以一種非常謙卑和尊敬的方式表達自己看法的。他聲明,他對達賴喇嘛作為精神領袖有絕對的信仰。他說,他不再支持達賴喇嘛的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策,是因為這一政策已經失去作用。然而他堅定地相信,達賴喇嘛採取這一政策是迫於圖伯特當前的嚴峻局勢,但是在尊者內心,達賴喇嘛瞭解圖伯特民眾希望實現獨立。這只是我的概述。附有英文翻譯的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.rangzen.net/2013/06/07/translation-of-karma-chophel-intervention-at-parliament/"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">講話視頻</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">可以在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rangzen.net</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">找到。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在本文中,我沒有使用噶瑪群培和其他一些人對博語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“<i>sem</i>”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的直譯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“mind”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(頭腦、理智),而是用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“heart”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(內心、情感)一詞替代。因為英語中某樣東西</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“in or on your mind”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">沒有表達出博語短語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“<i>sem nang yod pa</i>”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所包含的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">珍惜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> cherishing</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">珍視</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> holding dear</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的成份。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尊者接下來相當激動地宣稱,噶瑪群培說達賴喇嘛嘴裡說著自治而內心深處主張獨立,讓尊者成了一個騙子。尊者問到,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">把我說成一個騙子目的何在?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尊者還強調說,他在同國際社會打交道時,在這個問題上的態度一直絕對的誠實和明確。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我不認為噶瑪群培啦有必要為自己辯護。他是一位經驗豐富的議會議員,在數年前甚至實際上擔任議長職務。他決定公開出面表示撤回先前對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策的支持,是一項令人敬佩的勇敢行為。尤其考慮到當前沉悶的現實</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">迄今還甚至沒有任何其他圖伯特流亡議會成員出面呼籲對這個緊迫而嚴峻的問題哪怕是進行討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但是在達蘭薩拉的那些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">宗教權利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">暴民湧上街頭對噶瑪啦發出嗜血咆哮之前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他們肯定會這樣,因為噶瑪啦</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">惹尊者生氣了</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> gyalwa rimpoche ghi gongpa trukpa ray</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">是一個現成的藉口</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,我想我</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">有</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">義不容辭的責任向尊者指出一個關鍵性的事實:如果說有什麽人讓尊者變成騙子,實際上是所有那些中間道路的擁躉們。這些人經常宣稱,不僅尊者達賴喇嘛</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">心儀讓贊</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,所有</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的追隨者也都</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在內心支持讓贊</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">每次與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">追隨者的討論或爭辯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我曾經同很多著名的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">擁護者有過這樣的討論,甚至是公開辯論,其中包括司政洛桑森格、議長邊巴次仁、達賴喇嘛駐紐約代表洛桑年紮等等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無一例外的是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在討論過程中或早或晚這些討論者都必然會宣稱,儘管他或者她絕對支持達賴喇嘛的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">方針,但是他或者她在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他的或她的內心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">同樣絕對支持讓贊,所有圖伯特民眾也同樣如此。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的討論者然後便會繼續解釋,尊者達賴喇嘛實施</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策只是由於圖伯特民眾的生存受到了嚴重威脅,並且這是我們僅有的選擇,而達賴喇嘛毫無疑問在內心還是主張讓贊的,正如所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">擁護者一樣,只不過他們更加實用和現實,不像那些主張</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">完全獨立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Rangzen <i>tsangma</i></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的人感情用事和狂熱。</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這種匪夷所思的語義組合的內在矛盾是顯而易見的。不過,無論多麼荒謬,這種論調可以被看做是人們對一個無解的兩難處境所做的合乎情理的反應。人們非常愛戴(或敬畏)達賴喇嘛,並且相信違背尊者是非常嚴重的罪過,儘管同時並不能徹底放棄在幾十年的流亡生涯中為之奮鬥和犧牲的理想和夢想。但是,儘管看上去很怪誕,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">心儀讓贊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的論調是一個相當普遍的現象,甚至普遍到了司政洛桑森格先生將其加工移植為他的競選綱領</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“U-Rang”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,表示他既擁護</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Umay Lam</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),也贊成讓贊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Rangzen</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),這個綱領幫助他贏得了選舉!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尊者拒絕那些明顯荒謬甚至是虛偽的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">內心支援讓贊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的說法,從而為自己制定的政策的有效性提供支持。儘管我心懷敬意(但是毫不含糊地)地在整個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">問題上與尊者持有不同意見,但是我認為</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">尊者</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這種做法是正確的。我確信尊者明白,這種說法正是中國一直拒絕他的提議的根本原因之一。北京方面一直公開宣稱,達賴喇嘛的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">真正自治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的提議掩蓋著一個秘密的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">分裂主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的計劃。但是這並不妨礙達賴喇嘛最年輕的弟弟曾經發表過一份有損於達賴喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策的更加直接的聲明。王力雄在《西藏,二十一世紀中國的軟肋》一文中曾經引用達賴喇嘛的弟弟丹增曲嘉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tenzin Chogyal</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)接受法國記者董尼德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pierre-Antoine Donnet</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)採訪時的談話,丹增曲嘉明言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><b><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">自治是贏得獨立的第一步</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中國對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策的懷疑和拒絕自然讓達賴喇嘛感到沮喪失望。但是尊者應該明白,中國的不信任並非是由讓贊活動人士引起的。中國人清楚地知道,讓贊活動人士公開並且完全反對中國在圖伯特的統治。這種立場不會引起信任問題。換句話說,中國人對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的懷疑是達賴喇嘛自己的那些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的追隨者們引起的。他們一面宣稱已經放棄了實現圖伯特獨立的目標,一面又到處說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">內心支持讓贊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,甚至說達賴喇嘛也同樣如此。尊者應該將他的</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">怒气</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">指向他自己的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">擁護者,這些人在無意之中破壞了他的努力。尊者應該明確指示他們將來在捍衛他的政策時應該說些什麼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但是很顯然,損失已經造成,修改</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的口號也不能讓中國相信達賴喇嘛的誠意。作為一個支持讓贊的人,在這個問題上提供建議並非我的本分,但是我不得不提醒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的擁躉們,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">为了向中国显示达赖喇嘛政策的诚意,他们有很多很多实质性和甚至戏剧性的工作要做。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我的建議是首先至少派出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1000</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">名“中間道路”追隨者回到圖伯特(如果你願意,或者也可以叫“中華人民共和國”),去那裡和中國當局一同生活和工作,創造一種相互信任和尊重的氣氛,從而確保“中間道路”政策在未來獲得成功。首隻先遣隊應該由一位精通“中間道路”理論奧義的人物率領,這樣才可以像中國當局說明所有重要細節,當時機成熟時,甚至可以向中國民眾闡釋說明。我想沒有人比桑東仁波切教授更加合適擔任這個領導職務,他已經把自己打造成“中間道路”學說的大理論家。這個先遣隊另外一個不可或缺的領導人物當屬曾經求學哈佛法學院的司政洛桑森格博士,他一再聲稱中國憲法有相應條款允許(在圖伯特)實施“中間道路”政策。現在他將有大把大把的機會去發展和證明自己的理論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">當然,身處流亡世界這些都將一籌莫展。亡命他鄉的不爭事實說明了你對中國政府的不信任。這是扇在中國領導人臉上的一記耳光。亡命他鄉本身就是一個聲明,一個反對最初迫使你流亡的政權的聲明。因此,對於讓贊支持者而言,流亡實屬適得其所,直到他們有機會回到圖伯特推翻中國的統治。但是對於“中間道路”追隨者而言,他們希望中國領導人信任和接受“中間道路”,他們可以採取的更加合適的行為只有自願回歸“偉大祖國”——那個他們希望圖伯特成為其一部份的“偉大祖國”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">當然,尊者不能回去。沒錯,“中間道路”是尊者制定的政策,不過高於一切的是,達賴喇嘛是圖伯特自由和獨立的活著的象徵。讓贊支持者們已經付出了非常沉重的生命代價和承受了太多苦難,不會坐視尊者身陷任何可能是中國人的陷阱的地方。最近有關達賴喇嘛計劃訪問香港的通告,是一件所有讓贊支持者切不可掉以輕心的事情。不過此事需要在未來的討論中進行徹底分析。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">回到我們當前的討論,我想我已經清楚地論證了所有“中間道路”的擁護者,尤其那些打算回歸中國統治的人,絕對必須放棄將“心儀讓在”當做一個情感安慰和安樂毯。他們必須學會忍耐和在總體上完全接受“中間道路”,哪怕這樣意味著(在內心)放棄讓贊,甚至是放棄自由和民主,並且要準備好生活在共產黨的政治體制之下。按照司政最近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/editorials/tashidelekcomrade"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在華盛頓的政策演說</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">中所清楚說明的,這些都是勢在必行之事。在忙於這些事情的同時,“中間道路”擁護者們或許還應該開始練習練習他們的漢語用詞了,正如我們的司政似乎已經開始做的那樣——他在華盛頓的會議上熟練地展示了他的漢語能力。具備一些語言能力無疑可以幫助相關人士平穩轉型,比如用漢語說上一聲“謝謝”!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-19094589098711194422013-06-18T10:39:00.001-04:002013-06-18T12:24:32.756-04:00《圖伯特政治評論》社論:《同志哥,扎西德勒?——評司政接受共產黨在圖伯特的統治》<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/tibetanpoliticalreview/editorials/tashidelekcomrade">Tashi
Delek Comrade? The Sikyong Accepts Communist Rule in Tibet</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">——</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">評司政接受共產黨在圖伯特的統治</span></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">作者:</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">《圖伯特政治評論》編輯部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">原文發表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">日,華盛頓,在對美國外交委員會發表的一次講話中,司政洛桑森格做出了三項令人吃驚的聲明:第一、不再爭取在圖伯特實現民主政治,共產黨的統治是可以接受的;第二、圖伯特的真正自治可以有一個時間限制;第三、中國在圖伯特的軍事部署有自由裁量權。司政還特別說道:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">如果中國政府貫徹他們自己的法律,我們得到真正的自治,那麼我們不挑戰或尋求推翻共產黨。因此,我們不質疑或挑戰執政黨的現行結構。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">******<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我們不尋求得到允許在圖伯特境內實行民主政治。我們要求的是權利,按照中國憲法所賦予的權利。因此,雖然我們在實行民主,但這只是我們的長遠追求。而不是我們向中國政府所提出的要求的一部份。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.cfr.org/tibet/conversation-sikyong-lobsang-sangay/p30679"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>1<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在他講話過程中,除了主持人孔傑榮之外,沒有人向司政洛桑森格問及他的這些引人關注的言論。孔傑榮問到:“如果政府一直被政黨所掌控,你如何維持真正的自治呢?”洛桑森格先生回答說:“只要一直由博巴擔任領導。”孔傑榮對他的回答這樣回應:“那麼,在他們的自治區現在就有博巴擔任領導職務啊。”洛桑森格先生反駁說:“黨委書記是最有權勢的人,從來沒有任何一位博巴擔任過西藏自治區黨委書記。”孔傑榮教授接著問到:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“你認為在一個真正自治的圖伯特能夠建立起一個民主體制嗎?會有真正的自由政治選舉和言論自由嗎?”</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicw1_zFti-1DRIgBtTKpQQPEged4L5AouiDMQS_IZXuQwj4tApAzSl8Ua06pM424RchwCB1AxUadG_1L1kGwqZ-pH8QW6BbnXBM0NPmA7ID-_1c8134H8pvqGMLqcviFIl5p4Ghvxkq_Y/s1600/Screen+shot+2013-06-03+at+9.18.09+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicw1_zFti-1DRIgBtTKpQQPEged4L5AouiDMQS_IZXuQwj4tApAzSl8Ua06pM424RchwCB1AxUadG_1L1kGwqZ-pH8QW6BbnXBM0NPmA7ID-_1c8134H8pvqGMLqcviFIl5p4Ghvxkq_Y/s400/Screen+shot+2013-06-03+at+9.18.09+PM.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">洛桑森格回答說,“我們”所要求的是得到中國憲法所賦予的權利,而不是在圖伯特建立民主體制,“我們”希望得到中國給予香港和澳門的同樣待遇。孔傑榮接著指出,香港或許有言論自由,但是并沒有民主,並且香港自治有從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1997</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年開始的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年限期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/editorials/dimsumsurprisewhythehongkongmodelwontsavetibet"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>2<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">洛桑森格暗示,他可以接受給圖伯特的真正自治設定一個時限,只要中國同意真正自治的原則(如果這還稱得上自治的話)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">在表示接受圖伯特自治的時限概念之外,洛桑森格在最後的提問環節還做出了另一個讓人吃驚的聲明。他這樣說道:“軍事部署,是一個由中國自行裁決的問題,但是我們同時希望中國在邊境地區的軍事部署會更少一些。”洛桑森格因此便承認了中國在圖伯特的軍事部署有自由裁量權。我們只能假設,司政洛桑森格的言論是根據當前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的“中間道路”政策所作出的,並且反映了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;">的官方立場。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年,藏人行政中央(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)向中國政府遞交了一份《有關圖伯特真正自治問題的備忘錄》。這是對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1988</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年《斯特拉斯堡提議》的第一個重要更新和修訂的備忘錄,要求在中華人民共和國憲法的框架下,整個圖伯特三區由一個統一的行政機構領導,實現真正自治。儘管《備忘錄》沒有特別說明在圖伯特實行什麼樣的政治體制,但是它說道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">真正自治的實施,應該包括博巴有權建立他們自己的區域政府以及政府機構和工作流程,從而最好地適應他們的需要和特性。這就將要求在這個區域的權力範圍之內,自治區域的人民代表大會針對所有問題具有立法權……而自治政府的其他機構有權獨立自主地執行和管理所有決策。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">《備忘錄》沒有在任何地方用到“民主”一詞。中國完全回絕了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年備忘錄的所有要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">又遞交了一份《補充說明》,其中寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">備忘錄同樣不挑戰中華人民共和國的社會主義體制。提議中沒有任何地方要求在圖伯特地區改變或排除這一體制。根據達賴喇嘛尊者對社會主義的觀點,眾所周知他一直贊同一個能夠增進社會較貧困地區的平等和利益的社會主義經濟體制和意識形態。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/note-memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>4<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">同樣,這份《補充說明》也沒有在任何地方用到“民主”一詞。儘管這份說明沒有挑戰圖伯特地區的社會主義體制,但是即便是社會主義體制也可以有民主選舉和普選權。(例如,斯堪的納維亞國家實行社會主義經濟體系,同時擁有民主選舉的政府。)確實存在這樣的社會主義民主體制,而這份說明并沒有明確放棄在圖伯特建立一個民主的政府形式。</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipTKZ8I3pRBd5m8Yfn_RngJ4zsBfoFQIbCi9astbN5l2JUaeNJf17dsVFRuE-VtDf52bIQl9WmyDJXKvz-5EE2tIJ3rKnsU4GO1OetRoEuq8Rh3G0b6eagJVYejZ6aZEX-DiRSJl99bCw/s1600/HHDL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipTKZ8I3pRBd5m8Yfn_RngJ4zsBfoFQIbCi9astbN5l2JUaeNJf17dsVFRuE-VtDf52bIQl9WmyDJXKvz-5EE2tIJ3rKnsU4GO1OetRoEuq8Rh3G0b6eagJVYejZ6aZEX-DiRSJl99bCw/s1600/HHDL.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">把放棄在圖伯特建立民主體制作為爭取真正自治的一個條件,是尊者在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1988</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年提出《斯特拉斯堡提議》以來的一個重大轉變。《提議》是“中間道路”提議的基礎,達賴喇嘛在提議中說:<i>“圖伯特政府應該由一個民選的行政首長、一個兩院制的立法機構和一個獨立的司法系統組成。”</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/strasbourg-proposal-1988"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>5<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">現在的這個轉變也和尊者先前很多讚揚民主的言論背道而馳:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">我個人非常讚賞世俗民主制。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">未來的圖伯特政府領導人必須是由人民普選產生。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">現代民主是建立在所有人本質上是平等的這一原則基礎上,也就是說我們每個人都有生存權、自由權和幸福權。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">民主體制所蘊含的政治、社會和文化自由,具有巨大的價值和重要性。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">沒有任何政府制度是完美的,但是民主體制最為接近我們人類的本性。它也是一個公正和自由的全球政治結構得以建立的唯一穩固基礎。因此,那些已經享有民主體制的人應該積極支持每個人都有權享有民主,這符合我們大家的利益。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/buddhism-and-democracy"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>6<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">尊者也曾經批評共產黨的一黨專制:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">儘管共產主義信奉很多高尚的理想,包括利他主義,但是事實證明它的統治精英將他們的觀點強加於人的做法是災難性的。這些政府設法管控社會的方方面面,并誘導人們為了公共利益而工作。嚴密的組織在一開始爲了推翻過去的壓迫統治或許是有必要的。但是,目標一旦實現,如此的嚴密性對於建立一個真正合作型的社會則很難有所助益。共產主義的徹底失敗,是因為它依賴暴力去推廣自己的信念。最終,人類的本性無法承受共產主義所造成的苦難。</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/buddhism-and-democracy"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>7<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《備忘錄》和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《補充說明》已經不是什麽新鮮事,但是司政最近的言論,據我們所知,還是第一次有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">官員出面證實“中間道路”政策現在展望(的真正自治)是有時間限制的、承認中國軍事化的“自由裁量權”,最為重要的是沒有民主。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">對司政講話的反響</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">司政洛桑森格的言論招來了一些嚴厲的批評。唯色在她的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/tsering.woeser?hc_location=stream">Facebook</a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">網頁上寫道:</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">如果真的是这么说的,那么,我强烈建议:司政洛桑森格,请您写入党申请书吧!您想当中国的奥巴马,不加入中国共产党怎么行?!</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">121</span></i><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">位自焚藏人被垫背了!我就像是心口上挨了一记重拳!!!太痛了!!!</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/tsering.woeser/posts/10151597119384802"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>8<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">布瓊索朗(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Buchung D. Sonam</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=33440&article=Must+We+love+the+Party%e2%80%a6By+Bhuchung+D+Sonam&t=1&c=4"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>9<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">、史伯嶺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Elliot Sperling</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_9.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>10<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">和莫拉•莫伊尼漢(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Maura Moynihan</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2013/05/blog-post_17.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>11<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">等人也對司政最近的講話提出批評。同樣值得注意的還有,對於那些圖伯特自焚者而言,所有人要求的都是自由(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">rangwang</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)或獨立(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">rangzen</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),沒有人曾經要求自治(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">rangkyong</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),更不用說共產主義(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">marshok ringluk</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">這些批評意見導致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">對洛桑森格先生在外交委員會的講話,發表了一份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">澄清說明</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">司政在美國外交委員會發表的講話,是從整個國家層面提到中國的社會主義制度。“中間道路”政策尋求在中國憲法框架之內獲得真正的自治,顯然是要求對現行制度進行調整,使得所有圖伯特地区歸屬一個整合的行政當局并實施中國的有關法律。</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://tibet.net/2013/05/16/clarification-on-sikyongs-talk-at-council-on-foreign-relations/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>12<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">不過,這個澄清說明只不過是對司政的講話,做了一個蹩腳的自圓其說的解釋。其實,無需任何“澄清”,因為他的講話沒有含糊不清之處。外交委員會的網站上有講話的完整記錄,洛桑森格先生顯然不是在“國家層面”談論中國的政治體制。洛桑森格先生清楚地說到,他不會挑戰共產黨在圖伯特的統治,也不會尋求在圖伯特為博巴們建立一個民主制度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的“澄清”還提到:“尊者達賴喇嘛也曾表示,如果博巴們能得到真正的自治,他可以接受中國的社會主義制度。”但是很顯然,接受中國的社會主義制度並非意味著接受在一個自治的圖伯特實施共產黨的一黨專制。自治的重點在於這個自治區域同其他地區的差異性。因此,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的“澄清說明”乞靈于尊者并不能給司政的立場提供支撐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">司政受到過良好的教育,可以流利地使用英語,並且進行過很多公開訪談和講演,因此可以推測,他是審慎地選擇了他的措辭。我們只能假定,洛桑森格先生的言論準確表達了他的本意。然而,那份所謂的“澄清”是由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的新聞官發佈而不是出自司政本人。也沒有舉行新聞發佈會,可供媒體就</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的“澄清”和司政的原始講話進行提問。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">分析</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">應當承認,洛桑森格最近的講話同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的備忘錄和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的補充說明,並不完全前後矛盾。但是,他對中間道路政策的闡釋,比起任何其他可以讀到的文件,在妥協讓步的道路上都要走的更遠。這是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的民選領導人第一次公開表示,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">將不會尋求在圖伯特境內為博巴建立一個民主體制,並且會接受共產黨在圖伯特的統治。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">至今沒有否認司政的講話,而洛桑森格也沒有撤回自己的言論。這就非常清楚地說明,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">已然放棄了“中間道路”提議最初的一個核心條款。一個由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">13</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">萬流亡博巴民主選舉產生的機構放棄了圖伯特境內</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">600</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">萬博巴的民主權利,把這件事說成是一種“諷刺”並非言過其實。或許有人會選擇比“諷刺”更加強硬的詞語來描述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>13<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">有趣的是,洛桑森格先生有關讓博巴接受共產黨統治的言論,正如唯色提到的他所謂“要做中國奧巴馬”的爭議。《圖伯特政治評論》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的一篇社論關注過洛桑森格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">10</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月在威爾遜中心(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Wilson Center</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的一次講話。如果仔細閱讀(則會看出),“(講話)將爭取自由和自決的圖伯特鬥爭轉變為爭取公民權和‘在政府中的……代表權’。從這一點來說,講話偏離了尊者‘中間道路’政策的願景——追求一個具備獨特性和內部自治的圖伯特。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/project-updates/investigatinglobsangsangay%E2%80%99s%E2%80%9Cobamaofchina%E2%80%9Dstatement"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>14<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">圖伯特民眾接受“中間道路”提議的原因在於,這一提議是在完全獨立和圖伯特境內難以忍受的現實之間的一個合理妥協。它的提出是爲了解決中國對圖伯特主權的堅持與博巴的公民、文化和宗教權利保護之間的矛盾,并為實現自治提供一種方法。一個擁有選舉產生的立法機構和行政領導的民主體制原本就是“中間道路”提議的一部份。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1997</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年在流亡博巴中舉行的民意測驗,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">64%</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的人支持任何達賴喇嘛認為的最好的選擇。而這次民意測驗的一部份前提便包括要求在圖伯特建立一個民主選舉的政府。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">【</span></span>15<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"><span lang="EN-US">】</span></span></a>2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年,在博巴特別會議(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Special Meeting of Tibetans</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)之後,圖伯特流亡議會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">TPIE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)一致通過了一項支持“中間道路”的決議。這一次,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">TPIE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">、特別會議的參加者和圖伯特民眾,依然覺得在圖伯特實現民主是“中間道路”的題中之義。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">更有甚者,司政現在已經宣佈,即便是這樣對圖伯特自治的解讀還可以有一個和香港一樣的期限(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">50</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年)。據我們所知,此前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">沒有任何人曾經提出或宣稱,圖伯特的自治會受到任何期限的限制。無論是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《備忘錄》,還是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《補充說明》都沒有提過時間限制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">明顯還依然希望在圖伯特實現自治,但是它是否接受一個時間限制?(在此之後又該怎樣呢?)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">洛桑森格先生還承認了中國擁有在圖伯特地區軍事部署的“自由裁量權”。這就意味著是由中國人民解放軍和中華人民共和國而不是圖伯特政府來決定在圖伯特高原部署多少和什麼樣的軍事力量。洛桑森格先生的講話,甚至比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年的《補充說明》做出了更大的讓步,《補充說明》只是說不打算讓解放軍“撤出”圖伯特。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">与司政最近的講話給出的答案相比,更多引發的是質疑。如果圖伯特身處共產黨的一黨專制之下,博巴該如何保障他們的自治權?即便圖伯特境內所有的共產黨領導人都由博巴擔任,但是由於所有黨政領導都是由北京任命的,這些人如何有理由不遵從黨中央的指示?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:WS" datetime="2013-06-17T23:55"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide2QyxpVRx7nVBhamgsIWs6Qrm-7-rcIoTXaNRCKr6tB-1S-bprtFJaSMfwlRr3SEL0VLuKAFiqYEEp0QHMBm1DVa-xMzzsIueBhyphenhyphenDLSvrSHbGJCKp3d0PgHJvU0_gjpyOAnvDHIyYxk/s1600/legchok.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEide2QyxpVRx7nVBhamgsIWs6Qrm-7-rcIoTXaNRCKr6tB-1S-bprtFJaSMfwlRr3SEL0VLuKAFiqYEEp0QHMBm1DVa-xMzzsIueBhyphenhyphenDLSvrSHbGJCKp3d0PgHJvU0_gjpyOAnvDHIyYxk/s1600/legchok.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">那些擔任共產黨(圖伯特地區)領導的博巴會不會都是如列確(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Legchok</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">16</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">】和斯塔(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Sither</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">17</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">】之類自私自利的賣國投敵者?中共黨內的地位升遷和職務安排都要經過中共中央組織部的批准。如果圖伯特黨員希望得到升遷或是得到領導職位,他們</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">必須遵從黨中央的政策和規則。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">共產黨的無神論要求又該如何應對?在獲得自治的圖伯特,那些博巴黨員是不是要先放棄自己的宗教信仰才能加入共產黨?在將無神論作為核心教條的共產黨內,一個人如何才能同時成為共產黨員和佛教徒?圖伯特的共產黨員是否依然會在寺院強加管控,要求所有的僧尼接受“愛國主義”測試,以確保他們“熱愛祖國,熱愛黨”?共產黨是否依然會在寺院裡強制建立“民主管理委員會”并在所有其他社會機構中建立黨組織?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">這是否意味著博巴不能建立一個反對派政黨,一旦如此,便會遭到逮捕?反對派政黨在當今中國是非法的,呼籲結束共產黨的統治也會讓你淪為階下囚。如果舉行反對中共的抗議或是要求實現圖伯特獨立和民主,結果又會如何?那些圖伯特黨員是否會允許圖伯特民眾舉行反對中共和中國統治的示威遊行?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">如果中國堅持支持圖伯特獨立的抗議活動會威脅中國主權,并要求圖伯特政府逮捕抗議者,并威脅如果圖伯特拒絕執行就將動用解放軍,在這樣的情況下,圖伯特政府又該如何行事?由圖伯特黨員運轉的圖伯特政府,是否會忠實地執行黨中央的指示并逮捕它自己的民眾?這是很多傀儡政府面臨的窘境,而其結果往往不堪入目。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">在當今的中華人民共和國,中國共產黨控制著中央政府,以及省、自治區和地方政府,還有軍隊、司法、警察、主要的學術機構、全國性的新聞媒體、電視臺和大量的國有企業。中共還對媒體、互聯網、電影和電視進行言論審查。很多中國知識份子和異見人士一直批評中國對政治權力的絕對壟斷。諾貝爾和平獎得主劉曉波因呼籲中國進行民主改革,而被判處入獄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">11</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年。【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">18</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">】我們還不知道在一個一黨專制的政府之下,有任何切實可行的實現自治的範例。然而,司政先生不知為何卻相信圖伯特可以在一個一黨專制的國家內得到真正的自治。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">然而自相矛盾的是,在司政</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日的講話之後,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的官員依然在談論民主的價值。達賴喇嘛尊者駐歐洲特別代表格桑堅贊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">Kelsang Gyaltsen</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">31</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日在柏林發表了一篇講話,說道:<i>“人權、民主和法治已經成為當今遭受壓制和迫害的人們的普遍願望。”</i>【</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">19</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">】那麼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的官員們是不是在講,所有人都渴求民主,唯有博巴們是例外?爲什麽圖伯特應該單獨被排除在民主的基本目標之外?既然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">的領導人現在說共產黨的統治在圖伯特是可以接受的,那麼他們為何不去讚美共產主義的價值觀和中國共產黨?這顯示了在對“中間道路”的遠景作何考量方面,當前的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">CTA</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">領導層所面臨的深刻的混亂與困惑——甚或是內在的矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">結論</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="0.1__GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“中間道路”提議已經從追求圖伯特實現民主的、非軍事化的真正自治,轉變成為接受一個非民主的、由共產黨統治的、有限期的自治,並且接受中國在圖伯特高原進行軍事化的“自由裁量權”。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1988</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年以來,“中間道路”已經經歷了若干顯著的修改調整,但是最近對民主體制的放棄是其中最為重要的一個。那麼流亡的和圖伯特境內的博巴是否會接受“中間道路”的當前形式?我們還需拭目以待。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">【註釋】</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="0.1_endnote1"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">1 <a href="http://www.cfr.org/tibet/conversation-sikyong-lobsang-sangay/p30679">http://www.cfr.org/tibet/conversation-sikyong-lobsang-sangay/p30679</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2 See also TPR’s
editorial making a similar point about the limited duration of Hong Kong’s
autonomy: <i>Dim Sum Surprise: Why the Hong Kong Model Won't Save Tibet</i>,<a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/editorials/dimsumsurprisewhythehongkongmodelwontsavetibet">http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/editorials/dimsumsurprisewhythehongkongmodelwontsavetibet</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">3 <a href="http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people">http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">4 <a href="http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/note-memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people">http://www.savetibet.org/policy-center/topics-fact-sheets/note-memorandum-genuine-autonomy-tibetan-people</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5 <a href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/strasbourg-proposal-1988">http://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/strasbourg-proposal-1988</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">6 <a href="http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/buddhism-and-democracy">http://www.dalailama.com/messages/buddhism/buddhism-and-democracy</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">7 <i>Id</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/tsering.woeser/posts/10151597119384802">https://www.facebook.com/tsering.woeser/posts/10151597119384802</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">9 <a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=33440&article=Must+We+love+the+Party%e2%80%a6By+Bhuchung+D+Sonam&t=1&c=4">http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=33440&article=Must+We+love+the+Party%e2%80%a6By+Bhuchung+D+Sonam&t=1&c=4</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 10 <a href="http://www.rangzen.net/2013/05/08/incivilities/">http://www.rangzen.net/2013/05/08/incivilities/</a> (See
postscript)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 11 <a href="http://www.asianage.com/columnists/myth-can-devastate-tibet-182">http://www.asianage.com/columnists/myth-can-devastate-tibet-182</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 12 <a href="http://tibet.net/2013/05/16/clarification-on-sikyongs-talk-at-council-on-foreign-relations/">http://tibet.net/2013/05/16/clarification-on-sikyongs-talk-at-council-on-foreign-relations/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 13 It is also
interesting to note that the CTA maintains the Middle Way was adopted through a
democratic process. (See<i> The Middle Way & Related
Documents</i> at pp. 5-8 <a href="http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf">http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf</a>). Therefore,
it is a now proposal that was adopted by a democratic institution via a
purported democratic process that has abandoned democracy for Tibet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">14 TPR: <i>Investigating
Lobsang Sangay's "Obama of China" Statement</i>, <a href="http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/project-updates/investigatinglobsangsangay%E2%80%99s%E2%80%9Cobamaofchina%E2%80%9Dstatement">http://www.tibetanpoliticalreview.org/project-updates/investigatinglobsangsangay%E2%80%99s%E2%80%9Cobamaofchina%E2%80%9Dstatement</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">15 <a href="http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf">http://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/MIDWAY-ENGLISH.pdf</a> at
p. 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> 16 See <a href="http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Legqog_%7C432">http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Legqog_%7C432</a>
and <a href="http://www.phayul.com/news/tools/print.aspx?id=13925&t=1">http://www.phayul.com/news/tools/print.aspx?id=13925&t=1</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">17 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_Central_Committee">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China_Central_Committee</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">18 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">19 <a href="http://tibet.net/2013/05/31/preventing-cultural-genocide-the-case-for-genuine-autonomy-for-tibet/">http://tibet.net/2013/05/31/preventing-cultural-genocide-the-case-for-genuine-autonomy-for-tibet/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76857402342561667.post-4530090388817954822013-06-09T19:52:00.001-04:002013-06-10T05:13:00.447-04:00史伯嶺:進逆耳忠言,盼公民社會<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.rangzen.net/2013/05/08/incivilities/">Incivilities</a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 宋体;">(含附言)</span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">原文發表于:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">感謝史伯嶺先生和許瑾女士對譯稿進行的辛勤審閱和校對,以及提出的寶貴翻譯建議。——譯者</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">大約一年半以前,我和一群朋友在印度的一位博巴朋友家中聚餐。席間我們談到了印度的圖伯特社會目前令人痛心的狀態(例如道德喪失和貪汙腐敗等等),我委婉地問到情況是何時開始變得糟糕的。提請各位注意,我對流亡社會早年的情況記憶猶新。那時,隨處可以感受到對圖伯特事業毫不動搖的決心;那時,支持圖伯特獨立還不會引起爭議(現在的情況恰恰相反!);那時,人們的腦子裡想的第一件事不是去西方。正是在那樣的氛圍中,一大批我們這樣的非圖伯特人士第一次接觸了圖伯特和圖伯特鬥爭事業,這樣的接觸在隨後的幾十年裡,對我們(至少是一些人)的人生道路產生了重大影響。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">對於我的問題,我的朋友回答說,是從實行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">開始的。從那以後所有的事情都變了。我們沒有就這個問題進一步討論而是轉到了其他的話題上,並享用一頓溫暖、歡快和美味的晚餐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但是,我一直在思考朋友的回答。我不知道我的理解是否合乎我的朋友想要表達的意思,但是我當時(現在依然)覺得他的回答相當地言簡意賅。因為,自從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1988</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年夏天《斯特拉斯堡宣言》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Strasbourg Statement</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的發表,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">正式成為流亡政府的官方政策,形勢發生了翻天覆地的變化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">不過,說實話,在這個政策公開之前,流亡政府的官員們已經以這個政策為基礎運作多年了。僅僅在幾天之內,那些能從維持現狀當中得到好處的人,那些如果不和體制高層保持良好關係便會有所損失的人,發現如果不和達賴喇嘛頒佈的政策保持步調一致,便面臨著失去地位、特權,甚至丟掉飯碗的危險。人們在當時目睹了很多見風使舵的突然轉變。前一天還在宣稱自己決心實現圖伯特獨立的人,後一天便宣稱他們已經不再支持獨立,而是</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">支持</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">圖伯特成為中國內部一個民主的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">實體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。或者至少學會了保持沉默。所有的一切都是在缺乏理性探討和通過合乎邏輯的方法得出結論的情況下發生的。這一切的發生都是出於自私自利的權宜之計。人們不希望站在掌權者的對立面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在此過程中失去的是理想主義:這種理想主義曾經是圖伯特鬥爭的標誌,無論是對流亡博巴(可以回想一下圖伯特青年大會成立時的情況),還是對於那些圖伯特的支持者和同情者而言。在當時情況下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策所起的作用,只是將玩世不恭的自私自利體制化。而理想主義者們則被貶斥為不切實際(而事實證明他們才是現實主義者)、不知折中和極端分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">負面品質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">制約了這些理想主義者們在圖伯特社會結構中的生存空間,除非他們表示悔過或者至少閉嘴不言。個人地位的升遷很大程度上取決於對新政策的效忠。圖伯特流亡社會的社會體制(儘管存在種種不足)是建立在推進一種共同理想的基礎之上,一旦它拋棄了這個理想,就變成了一場向一個由少數精英制定的政策表忠心的虛偽表演</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果不是和達賴喇嘛的名字聯繫在一起,這項政策其實是很容易就被摒棄的。有些人還強詞奪理地說,通過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策可以悄悄的回到圖伯特並贏得獨立(對中間道路政策做如此闡釋的博巴至少是成了中國當局的同夥,中國當局一直一口咬定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策從頭到尾就是一個虛偽的詭計。)但這只是一個注腳。通過對理想主義的損害,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策在圖伯特流亡社會開啟了在隨後的歲月裡蔚為大觀的任人唯親、貪汙腐敗行為的大幕。拋開其他方面不說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_16.html"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">最近以來出現的博巴們相互之間簽證的冒名頂替、虛假的政治庇護申請,以及部分心靈空虛的年輕博巴的犯罪行為尤其可以證明這一點。</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(有人或許會說,即便沒有政策改變,上述很多情況也必定會存在。但是我相信,其嚴重程度一定比不上我們現在看到的情況。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的勝利和理想的衰落從一開始就不應該同流亡博巴們對公民社會的扭曲理解割裂開來看待,正是這種曲解使得這一切成為可能。也就是說,相當數量的博巴認為,領導人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">達賴喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的政策、言論和願望一定不能遭受嚴厲的批評和不同意見。這種氛圍導致一些人把達賴喇嘛當做自己的靠山,把提到他的名字當做在同別人的辯論中佔據優勢的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">撒手鐧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。對公民社會的這種錯誤理解,已經在很大程度上成為流亡社會的明顯特徵。這種曲解也反映在阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jigme Ngapo</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)被解除自由亞洲電臺(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)博語部主任職務這一事件上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2012/12/rfa_11.html"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">有若干方面</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">斷言流亡政府領導人對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">施加壓力的政治密謀,是導致阿沛•晉美被解職的主要原因。有可靠的報導說明,這次解職非常符合達蘭薩拉領導層的意願。即便一些短視的達蘭薩拉官員們會認為解除阿沛晉美的職務恰逢其時,但這究竟是一件可悲可歎的事情。至少,考慮到洛桑森格(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Lobsang Sangay</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)最近被曝光的一些操行問題(包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://beyondhighwall.blogspot.com/2013/01/rc.html"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">財務</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">和其他一些方面),流亡領導人去影響</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的報導和人事問題無助於推進公民社會的努力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">畢竟是受美國政府委託管理,要求保持其報導內容的客觀性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">它的報導有時必定會涉及同樣這些圖伯特流亡政治人物的所作所為。有些針對阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美的指責其實正好說明瞭他對保持距離和客觀性需求的理解。比如,有人指責他在任期內從未以博語部主任的名義訪問過達蘭薩拉或是以私人身份請求覲見達賴喇嘛。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而最近從一起頗為尷尬的事件中透露出來的相當可靠的消息,顯示出達蘭薩拉干涉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">事務的強烈意願。由阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美被解職所引發的震盪讓這一事件中涉及到的幾位主要人物感到猝不及防。名義上已經從政治活動中退休的達賴喇嘛決定借用他的權威和影響力來平息有關爭議。阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美被解職之後很久,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月份于印度孟各(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mundgod</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)舉辦的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">26</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">屆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">心靈與生命研討會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Mind and Life Conference</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)期間,達賴喇嘛與圖伯特新聞記者舉行了一次閉門會談,達賴喇嘛明確表示同意圖伯特流亡政府領導人對阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美的特立獨行提出的批評意見(比如,批評他允許嘉央諾布在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">發表評論),並且支持解除他的職務。然而最令人難以置信的是,當談到備受爭議的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">台長劉仚(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Libby Liu</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)時,尊者說阿沛晉美多年以來所做的工作加在一起也沒有劉仚為圖伯特所做出的貢獻大。正是這位女士終止了阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美的工作任期。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">相比此前阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美被處心積慮地解除職務,達賴喇嘛似乎並不在意劉仚或洛桑森格(他是達賴喇嘛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策的熱情支持者)等人備受質疑的行為,而此時發表這種在兩位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">官員之間揚此抑彼的講話,更加深了人們的這樣一種印象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">那面通常應該可以防範流亡政府對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">事務進行政治干涉的牆壁已經遭到毒害侵蝕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">請各位親愛的讀者放心,儘管不是很中聽,但是對流亡的圖伯特公民社會的狀況扼腕歎息,絕非意味著將圖伯特流亡社會的政治結構同中華人民共和國的政治體制相提並論,無論是道德上還是實際上。一個人對流亡社會或流亡社區無論提出如何尖銳的意見,也不會給自己招來逮捕、處決和酷刑折磨。最為明顯的是,根本無法將圖伯特境內和流亡社會發生的事情進行任何有意義的和可靠的對比。但是不能由此來阻止任何人對流亡社會存在的弊端做出坦率的批評,這些弊端就包括很多流亡博巴對於如何建立一個功能健全的公民社會缺乏全面的理解。流亡社會目前的狀態或許還要歸咎于流亡博巴們時常表現出的對中國社會的誤讀。在某些地方,中國國內越來越多的中國人對圖伯特佛教產生興趣被解讀為圖伯特事業在中國國內獲得了更多支持,而忽略了這樣一個事實,很多對圖伯特佛教感興趣的中國人既不關心也不瞭解圖伯特問題及其含義(這一點上倒是和他們的某些西方同伴彼此彼此)。事實上,對於人們經常問到的一個問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中國人如何看待圖伯特?答案非常簡單:圖伯特在絕大多數中國人的思想中根本沒有一席之地。即便有人想到圖伯特,也或許只是那個地方的人民曾經生活在可怕的封建壓迫之下,後來得到人民軍隊的解放,或者只是一片與政治無關的神奇土地。事實就是,絕大多數中國人不會花時間去考慮或者關注圖伯特。實際上,當圖伯特走進公眾視野,比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2008</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年的抗議期間,這種缺乏嚴肅的思考帶來結果就是困惑,或者更普遍的是怨恨。他們怨恨這些被中國人從奴隸般的苦役中解放出來的博巴們明目張膽地忘恩負義。這並非忽視那些敢於抗拒中國官方媒體和中國的極端民族主義宣傳,而堅持自己對圖伯特問題的思考的中國人。但是他們的人數太少,如果認為他們可以將公眾情緒(更不用說官方政策了)向某個方向推動,至少在目前,是對中國公民社會性質的誤讀,而流亡社會的很多人確實經常犯這樣的錯誤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">正因為如此,將博巴們的希望寄託於中國出現的抗議活動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">認為這些抗議活動將會給圖伯特帶來更大的自由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">必然是大錯特錯了。中國境內的抗議事件儘管比比皆是,也確實觸目驚心。但是,有些博巴認為這些抗議事件或許預示著一個以更廣泛的正義和人權為基礎的中國社會的成長將會有助於博巴們表達他們的願望,這本身也是對中國出現的抗議事件語境的誤判。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">讓我們先暫時回到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">3</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">11</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">曾經發表過一篇題為《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">民意測驗:很多中國人同情圖伯特事業》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://english.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/poll-03112013171553.html"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Many Chinese Sympathetic to
Tibet: RFA Poll</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的新聞報導。這篇文章的開頭這樣寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">大陸中國人普遍對圖伯特事業持同情態度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這樣的標題和文章開頭想要表達的意思肯定很合乎流亡政府高层的胃口,即</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">是一項行之有效的政策,並且因為其</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">折中調和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">已經贏得了中國民眾的廣泛支持。然而把這篇文章再仔細讀下去,你會發現文章的基礎是對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">名中國受訪者的電話調查!!!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">13</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">億人口中的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">30</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人(順便說一下,這些人當中還不是所有人都完全同情博巴表達的各種不滿)!人們很正常地想知道:這是出於什麼樣的安排,或者更準確地說,是出自誰的安排,將這樣一個標題和文章放置在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的網站上?而報導的基礎僅僅是一個在統計學上極不充分的對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">聽眾的電話提問?只有無視最起碼的新聞研究和報導標準才會出現這樣的新聞報導。然後呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">是不是會氣喘吁吁地告訴中國聽眾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">絕大多數美國人在當地的麥當勞餐廳看到貓王(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Elvis Presley</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)依然健在?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果想從中國大量湧現的抗議事件中讀懂中國人對圖伯特潛在的想法,應該理解到中國發生的抗議活動最普遍的根源在於一些具體的當地問題,它們在根本上不同於那些涉及民族問題和民族不滿的抗議行為。按照很多人的看法,後者內在地充滿著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">沾染</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一種潛質,這種潛質會對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中華民族</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">現代架構中的一些關鍵要素造成破壞。就中國當局和很多中國人的關注範圍而言,相比由於有限的地方性不滿導致的抗議,抗議活動中引入民族問題會自然而然地將自己置身於更具危險性的抗議類型。由此也可以更清楚地看出中國公民社會的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">跛腳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">特性。除去少數勇敢人士能超越他們自己團體的利益,為更廣泛的人權問題發出聲音(當然,不能忘記,這樣的人士在中國確實存在),這種對與特定的抗議者自身利益不相關的議題表示支持的公民社會在中國依然相當薄弱。反觀美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1960</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年代的民權運動之所以能取得成功,是因為美國人口中的大多數(非黑人人口)都再也無法迴避發自內心的恥辱感,這種恥辱感來自施加在一部份社會成員身上的偏執、歧視和其他更為糟糕的事情。儘管大多數人並沒有遭受到施加在黑人身上的同樣的暴行,但這已經無關緊要。關鍵在於當時的社會狀況讓人生厭,觸犯了大多數人的正義感,並最終使得大多數人都支持結束這種狀況的各種措施和行為。因此,從公民社會的角度看,主要是公民而非政府的認知程度,最終決定社會正義實現的議程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而這正是博巴們對中國的期望出現嚴重偏差的原因。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">給出的例證相反,(在中國)幾乎不存在任何一種對他人遭受的不公正待遇表示發自內心的反對的充分的社會基礎,從而可以為圖伯特的遭遇仗義執言和採取廣泛的社會行動。儘管在一些社交網站上能看到一些對博巴的不滿表示的同情,但是這種同情在那些更廣泛的認同官方立場或是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">事不關己高高掛起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的公眾情緒面前顯得微不足道。考慮到過去幾十年裡在一系列問題上(歷史、宗教、社會等等)主導中國人思想的決定性的意識形態觀點,對於國際社會在圖伯特遭受不公的問題上所表現的敏感,(中國人)會採取一種嘲笑的態度毫不令人感覺意外。絕大多數中國人很難從一個合乎公民社會運作方式的角度來理解,形成一場國際性支持圖伯特運動所必須的各種因素。相反,某些客觀上起著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">反華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">作用的力量卻可以在公民社會人道主義的外表之下大行其道,其中真正決定性的力量最主要是來源於,從個人主義情感與指向中分離出來的集體性社會和歷史動能。人們一旦理解了所討論的這個社會或民族的決定性動力所在,也就不難理解為何西方國家或任何其他國家在圖伯特問題上的鼓動和爭論幾乎都會被貼上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">反華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的標籤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在這些解釋中至少有一個堪稱徹頭徹尾的愚蠢(和無恥)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2011</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,杜永彬在中國最主要的圖伯特研究雜誌之一《中國藏學》上發表了一篇題為《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://waas.cass.cn/upload/2011/07/d20110723224855125.pdf"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">美國猶太人的西藏觀和對</span><span style="color: windowtext;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">西藏問題</span><span style="color: windowtext;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">的態度</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">》的文章。文章的開頭提醒讀者注意幾個相關</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">事實</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">對美國人最有影響的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">200</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">名文化人中,有一半是猶太人。到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1980</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年代初,獲得諾貝爾獎金的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">100</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">多名美國學者,有近半數是猶太人及其後裔。因而有人說,美國人控制著世界,而猶太人則控制著美國。由於宗教,文化,政治等原因,美國猶太人與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">西藏問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">結下了不解之緣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">以此為基礎,讀者當然很容易想到作者會如何進行進一步的論述。而作者沒有讓讀者們失望,他分別在不同章節論述了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">美國官員中的猶太人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太官員的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">西藏情結</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">與西藏觀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">美國學者中的猶太人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太學者的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">西藏觀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(當然,本人也有幸名列其中)等等。他在文章的結尾還描述了將美國猶太人同圖伯特問題聯繫起來的有關政治、情感和文化因素:美國猶太人對流亡博巴的流散處境感同身受;猶太人和博巴都是有宗教信仰的民族,也同樣面臨現代化、世俗化和文化保護等問題;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">企圖將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太複國主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Zionism</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)作為實現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">藏獨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的榜樣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在得出這些結論之前,如我所料,這篇胡言亂語的文章中還免不了就</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太人的媒體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如何支持圖伯特獨立來上一小段論述。作者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">憂心忡忡地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">提示到:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在這些世界知名的傳媒公司中,不僅老闆是猶太人,其中的許多重要職位也都由猶太人擔任,即使許多非猶太人擁有的報紙、雜誌和媒體,其廣告收入也在很大程度上依賴於猶太人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">哇哦,人們真該好好感謝杜永彬給大家敲響警鐘,警惕猶太人對媒體的控制!那麼作者是從何處獲得了如此驚世駭俗的深刻見解的呢?實在是萬幸,文章的腳註透露了玄機。他的資料來源是一個搜集所有各種</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太人陰謀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一站式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">網站:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太觀察</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.jewwatch.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">www.jewwatch.com</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)!杜永彬全盤接受那些病態的反猶主義者的種種論調(這個網站的主頁上特意放了一幅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人見人愛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">猶太複國主義蘇聯的猶太複國主義者列夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">托洛斯基</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[Leon Trotsky]”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的圖片)很難被看成是一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無心之過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。沒錯,有人或許會說這種白癡的行為在中國比比皆是。然而,這篇文章是刊登在一份號稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">文以載道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的雜誌上。《中國藏學》發表這篇文章顯示了,由於自由的和公民社會的思維方式廣泛缺失,在解釋外國人對於中國處理圖伯特問題的手段所持有的態度時,(中國人)慣常持有的決定性和本質性的信條。很可惜杜永彬沒有生活在史達林時代的末期。否則,他或許可以將自己對美國猶太人在圖伯特問題上的處於支配地位的信念,同史達林主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">/</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">馬克斯主義對猶太人的描述</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">諸如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無根的世界主義者的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">藝術和資本主義之類的理論</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">相結合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">然而,對這種在圖伯特問題上體現的本質主義和偏執的思想最好的例證,來自愛德華</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">薩義德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Edward Said</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一錘定音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的傑出著作《東方主義》(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Orientalism</span></i><i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,三聯出版社的中文版書名為《東方學》</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。這部著作採取一種最為基本的和過於簡單化的方法,以身份認同(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">identity</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)和表徵(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">representation</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)來超越或混淆紛繁複雜的具體事實。除了中國和圖伯特,在其他地方這種方法一直以來也被他的擁躉們拿來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">為我所用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。既然身份認同和所處位置決定了表現形式,那麼西方人必然是以符合它的支配地位和帝國主義遺產所需要的態度來看待</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">並以此與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">打交道。在這種態度之下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">就成了一個落後和野蠻的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,從而證明瞭在這種關係之中,西方地位和需要的正當性。經過這樣一番苦心孤詣的論述,這種方法還牽扯到了一位東方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的正面形象,至少中國的論者們作如是觀,他們斷言西方是出於妖魔化中國的需要而乞靈於一個神聖、脫俗和睿智的圖伯特形象。歸根結底,西方必然是以一種簡單而有成見的態度看待東方。薩義德說得很清楚(挑選了埃及和印度來代表整個東方):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果我們說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">19</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">世紀晚期當一位在印度或埃及的英國人對這些國家生產興趣時他頭腦中不會不出現它們是大英帝國殖民地這樣的念頭,也許不會引起什麼爭議。下面這一說法聽來雖然與上述說法有很大不同:所有有關印度和埃及的學術知識在某種程度上都被上述顯而易見的政治事實所沾染、所控制、所侵犯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而這<b>正是</b>我在這一有關東方學的研究中<b>一直</b>在說的。因為如果我們相信人文學科的知識生產永遠不可能忽視或否認作為人類社會之一員的生產者與其自身生活環境之間的聯繫,那麼,對於一個研究東方的歐洲人或美國人而言,他也不可能忽視或否認<b>他自身的</b>現實環境:他與東方的遭遇首先是以一個歐洲人或美國人的身份進行的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">當然,其中確有一些真知灼見:人們<b>總是</b>以一種模式化的方法看待</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。這種現象出現在不同的文化、國家、宗教、民族和族群之間,同時也發生他們內部。<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK4"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK3">而人們<b>總是</b>被他們所處的環境燻染和塑造的。但這只是一些尋常之見,而非什麽天機乍現。</a>如果將這些現象拔高為一個人的觀點形成過程中壓倒一切的決定性因素,則意味著將上述觀點中的內容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">以及形成與獲得觀點的種種事實</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">都置於觀察者的身份認同之下。這使得人們首先是被他們的身份認同(當然,是按照薩義德的學術追隨者們的描述)所左右,而身份認同本身則變成了一種意識形態,一種如同階級或種族的意識形態。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人們已經花費了很多筆墨指出薩義德作品中的漏洞,尤其是他對於西方學術性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">缺乏起碼的瞭解,比如已經得到證實的是,他對德國的印度學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Indological</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)傳統幾乎一無所知,而這一傳統在其發展過程中與德國在印度的帝國主義利益沒有任何關聯。《東方主義》一書所忽視的是很多學者投身研究的動機</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">正如羅伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">伊文(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Robert Irwin</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的一篇評論文章的題目所充分概括的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">求知慾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">For Lust of Knowing</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。或者正如西蒙</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">萊斯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Simon Leys</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,原名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Pierre Ryckmans</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)有關薩義德將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">描述為一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">殖民主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">—</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">帝國主義的陰謀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所做的尖銳分析:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">天知道,或許有一天人們發現對唐代詩歌和宋代繪畫最出色的研究都是由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中情局</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">資助的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這個事實或許還能改善這個飽受非議的組織的形象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他的評論文章《東方主義與漢學》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Orientalism and Sinology</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)值得全文通讀,文章特別談到了《東方主義》一書對漢學研究意義,讀者可以在他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1590176200/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=1535523722&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=1863955852&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1DF2H9RD17TCGHY0AJX0"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">最近的文集</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中找到這篇文章。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果注意到對模式化認知的結果以及社會和政治環境對於觀點形成的影響的模棱兩可的概括,其實是《東方主義》成書年代裡很多文學作品中經常出現的元素,那麼人們就或許可以看出《東方主義》的所謂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">理論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">歸根到底只不過是對那些陳詞濫調的盲目迷戀。(從這層意義上講,這到或許是一個更廣泛的潮流的早期先驅者,至少在很多方面對於英美學術界而言:在一年一度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">自娛自樂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">座談會和學術會議上,被各種矯揉造作的新詞彙包裝的陳詞濫調,被吹捧為開創性的新發現,然後就被扔到腦後,直到會議在下一年再度召開。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">說實話,有必要指出《東方主義》中的一些斷言在此書首次面世時也很難說是什麽新觀點,比如,</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">受到西方列強國家利益的影響和制約的學術、文學和媒體等等,共同製造出一幅暴力、殘忍和怯懦的東方形象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">也就是一個被西方政治需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所沾染、所控制、所侵犯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的東方形象。一個人如果在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1970</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年代初期的任何一所主要的美國大學裡呆過,假定就是薩義德自己呆過的哥倫比亞大學吧,那時《東方主義》還遠未面世</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一個人在那個特定的時間和特定的地點,很難不瞭解當時有很多講座和報告來展示美國的帝國主義文化和利益是如何決定中國的流行文化和學術面貌:傅滿洲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Fu Manchu</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)、黃柳霜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Anna May Wong</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)等等形象都是爲了迎合一個帝國主義勢力的需要而必然出現的意象的一部份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">爲了把中國描繪成一個暴力和殘忍的地方。而當時的中國實際上充滿和諧、堅定的利他主義,更重要的是保持著革命的團結一致,知識份子和學生高高興興地去農村生活在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人民公社</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">並向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">貧下中農</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">學習。文化大革命在中國製造的暴力,酷刑和鎮壓?那只不過是美國在一個我們可以說是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">被上述顯而易見的政治事實</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所侵犯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> violated by gross political fact</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的學術機構的唆使下,爲了它自己的帝國主義利益而刻意宣傳的畫面。謝天謝地,聽眾們還可以通過來自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">亞洲問題學者委員會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">以及稍後的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">美中友協</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的演講者們的巡迴演說,來瞭解這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">殖民主義者的歪曲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">背後的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">革命真相</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無奈啊,到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1980</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年代早期,這一大堆新晉的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中國專家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">變成了一個巨大的笑柄(想想雪麗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">麥克萊恩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[Shirley MacLaine]</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">等人)。非常不幸,事實證明中國的文化大革命確實伴隨著暴力與</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">暴行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而且是駭人聽聞的暴力與暴行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,在時常被提及的時候,大多數情況下都是一個轉移話題的工具。當話題是有關發生在圖伯特的鎮壓、侵犯人權、酷刑或集體屠殺時,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">便會將話題轉換到發言者的身份認同,以及這樣身份的人必定共同擁有的不言而喻的動機和目的。這些要比事實本身都重要,而且其中還包含著意識形態因素。毫無疑問每人都有自己的動機和目的,但是將一個人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無論是否是學者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的具體動機首當其衝地與某一個特定的身份聯繫在一起,在方法論上顯然是靠不住的。但是,在處理真實人物複雜而矛盾的本性時,這是一種讓問題簡單化和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">究其一點不及其餘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的方法。應該記住瑪格麗特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尤瑟納爾(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Marguerite Yourcenar</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)用想像中羅馬皇帝哈德良(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Emperor Hadrian</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的手筆說出的話:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我時常反思我們因為想當然而犯下的錯誤,我們總是假定一個人或一個家族必定擁有他們碰巧所在的那個世紀共同的想法,也經歷過同樣事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">《東方主義》中時常空洞無物的陳詞濫調使得它成了一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">萬精油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。中國的論者們曾經用它來批評西方的圖伯特支持者,而西方的支持者和一些博巴也曾經用它反唇相譏,譴責中國面對圖伯特時採取的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">內部東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。其結果是出現了一幅雙方互相叫駡的畫面,都在指責對方是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">真正的東方主義者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">要想搞清楚這種意識形態化的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">株連</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">理論能給中國在圖伯特問題上的標準論點會提供什麽樣的有利支援,不需要很多想像力。汪暉是中國在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">問題和圖伯特問題上最著名的作者之一,他對此作出了清晰的說明。他認為沒有必要(或是可以假設是不情願)討論在圖伯特發生的鎮壓、囚禁和歷史上集體屠殺事件等等的具體細節,而這些問題恰恰是正常的公民社會對圖伯特問題表示關注或採取行動的可以理解的(事實上也是正當的)理由。相反,正如汪暉在他的一篇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://wen.org.cn/modules/article/view.article.php/article=858"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">文章</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(這篇文章的一部份被收錄進他所著的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.amazon.cn/%E4%B8%9C%E8%A5%BF%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84-%E6%B1%AA%E6%99%96/dp/B004Y4R7QI"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">《東西之間的</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">西藏問題</span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">》</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一書中,並對論述進行了擴充。)中所論述的,他只是需要將任何對民主和人權的興趣同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">及其信徒認定的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">動機和目的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">捆綁在一起。他這樣寫道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> “</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這裡首先討論西方社會對這一問題的反應。事實上,支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">藏獨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的人各有不同,除了從民主、人權的角度對中國政治展開批評之外,從歷史的角度看,也有三個不同的方面值得注意。首先是西方有關西藏的知識深深地植根於他們的東方主義知識之中,至今沒有清理。這一點對於歐洲人影響最大。其次是特定政治力量對於輿論的操縱和政治行動的組織。這一點美國關係最深。第三是對於西藏的同情混雜著對中國、尤其是經濟上迅速崛起而政治制度極為不同的中國的顧慮、恐懼、排斥和反感。這一點除了第三世界國家之外,全世界都受到感染。這三個方面不僅與民族主義相關,而且更與殖民主義、帝國主義、冷戰的歷史和全球化的不平等狀態相關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">薩義德曾以伊斯蘭研究為中心分析過歐洲的東方學,他把這種學問視為一種根據東方在歐洲西方經驗中的位置而處理、協調東方的方式,在這種方式中,東方成為了歐洲物質文明和文化的內在組成部分,是歐洲自我得以建立的它者。對於歐洲而言,東方既不是歐洲的純粹虛構或奇想,也不是一種自然的存在,而是一種被人為創造出來的理論和實踐體系,蘊含著漫長歷史積累下來的物質層面的內容。藏學在東方學中一直佔據重要地位,但至今沒有得到認真清理。在西方,藏學研究從來不在中國研究的範疇之內,從東方學形成的時代至今都是如此。從這種知識體制本身,也可以看到在西方的想像中,中國與西藏關係的一些模式。這些模式,從根本上說,正像薩義德描述的那樣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而即便在學術領域內,東方主義的陰影也從未消失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">香格里拉的故事其實就是從布拉瓦斯基(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Blavatsky</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的神話中衍生出來的:一群生活在香格里拉這個佛教社會的白種人的故事。在這個故事中,西藏是背景,而作者和演員都是夢想著香巴拉和香格里拉的西方人。好萊塢的電影和各種大眾文化不停地在複製這個有關香巴拉或香格里拉的故事,他們表述的不過是他們在西方世界中的夢想而已。在戰爭、工業化和各種災難之後,西藏</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">──</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">更準確地說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">──</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">是香巴拉、香格里拉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">──</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">成為許多西方人的夢幻世界:神秘的、精神性的、充滿啟示的、非技術的、</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">熱愛和平的、道德的、能夠通靈的世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">汪暉評述的要旨非常明顯。通過這些評述,人們便可以理解為何另外一部作品(在中國)得到的總體上比較正面的評價,這部作品集中討論了西方將圖伯特看成香格裡拉的幻想因素。以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">為基礎,汪暉利用所謂的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">香格裡拉文化基因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Shangri-La meme</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),試圖告訴讀者西方敵視中國的原因之一是來自這樣一種觀點</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中國毀滅了西方人魂牽夢繞的夢幻國度。<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK9"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="OLE_LINK8">因此,我們看到唐</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洛佩茲(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez,_Jr."><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Don Lopez</span></a><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的《香格裡拉囚徒》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Prisoners-Shangri-La-Tibetan-Buddhism-West/dp/0226493113/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1367559063&sr=8-1&keywords=prisoners+of+shangri-la"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Prisoners of Shangri-La</span></a></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)一書被很多支持這一觀點的作者所引用。其實,在這本書剛一面世,便有不止一個批評家對其感到憤怒,認為此書</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Administrator/AppData/Roaming/Microsoft/Word/it%20would%20provide%20fodder%20for%20China%E2%80%99s%20overall%20position%20on%20Tibet"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">為中國在圖伯特的總體觀點提供了口舌</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。或許可以認為,正是由於這個原因,人們可以看到一些中國文章將這本書用做參考資料。但是,從中國人對這兩本書的閱讀來看,《香格裡拉的囚徒》與《東方主義》還是存在明顯的差別。起碼,中國的作者對《東方主義》的利用無需對作者的主要論點進行歪曲。這也是這本書在中國很能派上用場的原因。但是對於《香格裡拉的囚徒》則是另外一回事。唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洛佩茲的確就有關圖伯特的幻想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這種幻想已經同這個國家形成了顯著的關聯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">進行了細緻的探究。但是,他並沒有</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">單純地</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">將對圖伯特當前困境的同情與西方人士對一個遙遠淨土的需求捆綁在一起,也沒有否認在中國統治之下圖伯特發生的現實。實際上,他非常明確地用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">佔領</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">殖民地化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">等詞語描述中國在圖伯特的存在。從廣義上講,中國最近在這個問題上的文章作品其實並非是代表了什麽新進展,或許也無從挽救它在有關問題上相當扭曲的偏見。西方學術界早已開始直面這個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">夢幻圖伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的問題,同時不以任何方式迴避和忽視中國統治下的圖伯特發生的種種慘狀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1996</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年,以此為主題在德國波恩召開了一個名為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">圖伯特神話</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Imagining-Tibet-Perceptions-Projections-Fantasies/dp/0861711912/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1367559275&sr=1-1&keywords=imagining+tibet"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Mythos Tibet</span></a></span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)的重要學術研討會,召集了很多著名的西方學者(包括唐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洛佩茲),這些學者都以各自不同的方式對此問題有所研究。甚至在此之前,阿吉漢南達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">巴拉蒂(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agehananda_Bharati"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Agehananda Bharati</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,原名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Leopold Fischer</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">1970</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年代中期就此問題曾經撰寫過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.serendipity.li/baba/rampa.html"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一篇引起廣泛討論的文章</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">還有一件事情很能說明《香格裡拉的囚徒》一書在中國學術寫作中的地位。儘管有一些中國作者引用此書,但是他們中很多人(如果不是絕大多數的話)讀到的都是譯本,而普通公眾是無法得到此書真正的譯本。據我所知,在任何公開的書店都找不到這本書,而普通學生和公眾也無法讀到此書。這本身就說明瞭,很多中國作者在利用這本書時應該沒有全面而忠實地反映原著的內容。而《東方主義》一書的中文譯本在中國隨手可得,這個譯本還包括了英文原版的頁碼標識(這樣,任何在引用文字的時候,就可以看上去像是引用自英文原版)。當然,中國無需對《東方主義》進行曲解,(當談到發生在圖伯特的政治囚禁、酷刑虐待等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">不愉快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">話題時)它本身就是一個完美的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">話題轉換器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。當有人堅持認為應該而且必須在國際公眾面前,說出或寫下或揭露具體的不滿、實情或暴行的記錄時,《東方主義》的核心思想使得它非常適合用來作為一副</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">解毒劑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,不管論者或作者符合什麼樣的身份。要想宣稱一個人的言談內容只不過是某種身份的人不可避免的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一家之言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,《東方主義》便可以派上用場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無論是中國還是圖伯特流亡社會,自由而公開地表達觀點、主張和立場的需求都是建立一個運轉良好的公民社會的必不可少的條件,儘管這種狀態的缺失對中國和流亡社會所造成的破壞在程度和類型上的確不可同日而語。然而,上個月底剛剛發生的事情還是明顯反映了流亡社會缺乏這種自由表達的環境。圖伯特青年大會原計劃在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">23</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日在達蘭薩拉舉行一個讓贊問題國際研討會。對於這個即將召開的會議(坦白地講,我本人也是受邀者之一),一些高層人士顯然對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">施加了壓力。請記住,本人在此無意對圖伯特境內和流亡社會所發生的事情進行任何道德比較,但儘管如此結果還是令人擔憂。除了為阻止會議召開而施加的壓力,還有一件非常奇怪的事情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">由於各種不同原因,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在達蘭薩拉竟然無法預定到任何一處可以召開會議的場地。對於那些擔憂圖伯特公民社會狀態的人士而言,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">竟然無法召開會議這一事實更加深了他們的煩惱。為阻止會議而使出的種種陰謀和伎倆,實際上剝奪了那些與官方政策觀點相左的人們,集會表達他們不同觀點的機會。這是已經相當諷刺的事情:就在兩周之前,博巴和圖伯特支持者們曾經高聲譴責悉尼大學(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">University of Sydney</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)撤銷了達賴喇嘛在其校園裡的一處地點發表講話的許可。對悉尼大學提出的種種譴責中包括認為,悉尼大學的這一做法侵犯了言論自由權。而如今一個讓人揮之不去的印象是,圖伯特流亡社會的很多人,不排除一些領導人物,確實認為必須支持言論自由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但只是對他們自己而言,而對於那些持有不同政見的人則多少應該另當別論。這是一種令人沮喪的行為方式,一直持續不斷地出現在戰後和冷戰後的一些重要的自由鬥爭運動中。就圖伯特而言,無法將這些行為與對達賴喇嘛的個人崇拜以及由此導致的將他的政治觀點特別神聖化相分離。實際上,考慮到流亡社會存在於印度的法律框架之內這一事實,用於阻止不同意見的種種手段和壓力,很大程度上是出於個人崇拜的需要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在這種情況之下,一個獨立媒體的存在就顯得尤為重要。讓我們再次回到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的問題上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">也報導了悉尼事件,並且也在繼續報導來自圖伯特的重要新聞。但是,正如前文所提到的,傳播站不住腳的和缺乏事實依據的新聞報導(如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">民意調查:很多中國人同情圖伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),只會降低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的可信度。在阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美的領導之下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">享有一個能提供多元化觀點的形象(並因此贏得尊重)。但是那些設法終止阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美值得讚賞的工作的勢力,似乎企圖讓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的運轉符合他們的政治觀點。當</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">開始盤算找人取代阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美時,他們安排一場選拔博語部(藏語部)新主任的表演,希望這位新晉的博語部主任能夠恢復阿沛晉美被解職所造成的傷害,並給這個職位帶來最高的專業水準。發佈的職務通告要求候選人具備相關的新聞從業背景,在圖伯特境內有人脈關係,當然最好能說流利的漢語。那麼最後選擇了誰呢?丹增哲彤(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Tenzin Tethong</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)。或許,他是一位非常和藹可親的人物,但是他沒有新聞從業背景,在圖伯特境內或中國沒有人脈資源,並且對漢語一竅不通。結果竟然如此!不過他將一件事情擺上了桌面:他曾經擔任噶倫赤巴,也就是洛桑森格後來當選的職位。換句話說,他雖然在圖伯特境內沒有人脈關係,但是同達蘭薩拉的政要們關係緊密。在丹增哲彤獲得任命之後,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">台長劉仚表示,她希望他的任職</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">將</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><a href="http://www.usgbroadcasts.com/bbgwatch/2013/03/29/tenzin-tethong-to-lead-radio-free-asia-tibetan-service/"><span lang="ZH-TW" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">對(博語部的)康復</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">大有助益</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。人們只能將此理解為,她希望對丹增德佟的任命可以有助於為她掩蓋因解雇阿沛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">•</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">晉美(以及不光彩的解雇方式)而導致的窘困。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我們應當給丹增哲彤一個機會。或許他會決定將那些為阿沛晉美在聽眾和員工中贏得很多讚譽和敬佩的事情繼續做下去:堅持向聽眾呈現各種不同的觀點,並著意保持非黨派立場;或許我們會再一次聽到那些不為劉仚和達蘭薩拉有關當局所鍾意的人(在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)發出自己的聲音。做到這一切,需要對公民社會的根本價值有一個真正的理解和付諸實踐的決心。同時也需要博語部的新領導人做好準備,勇敢地直面劉仚和達蘭薩拉有關當局提出的要求,以及個人崇拜所帶來的束縛。鑒於達賴喇嘛對整個事件的介入,人們還需要有一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">膽大包天</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">尊者也是人,他的政治觀點是一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的觀點,不能待之如聆神諭。如果想要嘗試支持公民社會的體系,理解這一點至關重要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果這一切都沒有發生,如果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">RFA</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">博語部繼續在充當圖伯特流亡領導人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">內部通報</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的道路上越走越遠,人們只能希望圖伯特流亡社會內部能對此出現抗議或抵制,一種源自實現公民社會的決心的抗議。但是出現這種抗議的前景是渺茫的。現在,甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">TYC</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(中國一直荒唐可笑地將其歸類於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">恐怖組織</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)對於那些扼殺集會和言論自由的行為,也只能做一些徒勞而微弱的抗議,實在很難有理由抱有希望。儘管如此,當願意會見達賴喇嘛的國際領導人越來越少;當各種不同的行業(其中值得關注但並非獨一無二的是好萊塢,這個流行影像的生產地)越來越小心翼翼不要冒犯中國;當中國毫不猶豫咄咄逼人地提出真正的收復領土要求的時候,或許在對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策徒有其表的勝利開始下一輪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">應聲蟲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">式的歌頌之前,有必要在達蘭薩拉認真進行一次有關公民社會的辯論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=76857402342561667" name="Note"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">*</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我在此使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方研究</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> Oriental Studies</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)一詞,是由於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Orientalism”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在漢語中有兩種不同的翻譯。薩義德用這個單一的術語,既涵蓋了在諸如藝術和文學等領域對東方(主要是東方伊斯蘭社會)的表述,也涵蓋了相關的學術研究著作。對於前者(以及這個詞彙的通常意義),漢語中經常稱為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,後綴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“ism”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">的意思即表達為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。而對於學術研究意義上的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Orientalism”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">所使用的詞彙是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,更恰當的對應詞彙應該是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Orientology”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Orientalistics”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,也或者如我在此爲了閱讀流暢而選擇的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Oriental Studies”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。汪暉在他的文章題目中使用的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一詞,但是就如在本文中可以看到的,在涉及學術性著作和研究時,他也用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">東方學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一詞。讀者或許也注意到在《</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Orientalism</span></i><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">》中文版的封面照片上,書名為《東方學》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">附言:</span></i></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我希望,那些終於把這篇公認的長篇博客文章看到結尾的讀者,領會了本文的中心意旨:在中國和圖伯特流亡社會,公民社會的欠缺是深刻而具有破壞性的。就流亡社會而言,就在這篇文章貼出之後僅隔數日,這種欠缺的意涵就得到一次令人震驚的展示。</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">5</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">月</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">日,在美國外交委員會在華盛頓特區舉辦的一次活動中,洛桑森格談到了他和流亡當局對中國所採取的立場。這次活動由紐約大學教授孔傑榮(</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Jerome Cohen</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">)主持,他因為給中國人權活動人士陳光誠提供幫助而名噪一時。整個活動過程都有記錄,在網上可以看到視頻。</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在視頻錄像的大約第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">26</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">分鐘,洛桑森格說:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我們不尋求民主體制在圖伯特境內得到實施和得到允許。我們要求得到的是按照中國憲法所賦予的權利。因此,民主體制雖然是我們願望,但不是我們對中國政府提出要求的一部份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(原話如此)。換句話說,圖伯特鬥爭已經不再哪怕是為博巴尋求最基本的民主權利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">我們不尋求民主體制在圖伯特境內</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">得到允許。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">可悲的是,聽眾中,至少是那些站起來提問的人當中,無人就此提出哪怕是質詢。只有孔傑榮在這個問題上給了他一些壓力。在第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">28</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">分鐘,他著重提到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果圖伯特境內的沒有言論自由,那麼最終會出現什麼樣的結果?這確是一件非常令人關注的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">在這一點上,他沒有得到洛桑森格進一步的解釋或說明。後來(在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">40</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">50</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">秒),他再次提出:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">當然,博巴們面臨的一個問題是,如果你給予他們言論自由,他們或許不會呼喊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">自治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">而是呼喊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">‘</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">獨立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">’</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">洛桑森格回答道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">不一定,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">他還一口氣給出了幾個他認為面臨類似矛盾的事例(比如,魁北克、北愛爾蘭和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“Catalina”[</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">原話如此,估計他指的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Catalonia</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">,即加泰隆尼亞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">]</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">),而這些地區已經找到了問題的解決方案。這些衝突地區</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">無論與圖伯特問題是否存在什麼樣的關聯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Song"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">都包含對民主和權利的基本理念有共識的政黨(這也使得各種侵犯權利的問題成為各方爭論的重要內容),洛桑森格拋開這些因素,簡單得出結論說,如果可以(和中國)達成協議,民眾一定會遵守。</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這當然沒問題!實際上在前面的講話中(在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">21</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">45</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">秒),他就已經將可以做如此假設的原因說的很清楚:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果中國政府能貫徹他們自己的法律,而我們可以獲得真正的自治,那麼我們不會挑戰或尋求推翻共產黨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(原話如此)。當孔傑榮問到,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">如果政府一直被政黨所掌控,你如何能</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria;">維持</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">自治呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">答案來了:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">只要由博巴擔任領導</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">五十多年以來植根於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">圖伯特是一個國家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">這一理念和理想的流亡鬥爭,以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">25</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">年以來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策對這一理想的穿鑿破壞,最終落得這樣的結果。但是,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">中間道路</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政策至少還宣稱自己的目標是讓圖伯特成為一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">與中華人民共和國聯合的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">……</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">一個民主政體。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">現在的目標不是在圖伯特建立任何形式的民主制度,而是一個由圖伯特黨員擔任領導的共產黨的統治。公民社會的權力和規範在此沒有容身之地。那麼圖伯特流亡社會對此作何反響?儘管各處出現了一些評論,但是大多數人到目前為止,都默許了流亡領導人所認可的圖伯特問題解決方案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">——</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">接受一個有圖伯特外表的中共獨裁統治。這一方案不會對中國當局產生任何影響,相反只會證明他們對流亡社會政治結構內在弱點的設想。在欠缺實力的清單上,除了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">政治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">軍事</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">財政</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">實力之外,他們現在可以再加上一項</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">“</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">道德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">”</span><span lang="ZH-TW" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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